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doi: 10.1007/BF02017607pmid: 3305004
The frequency of development of resistance during antibiotic therapy was evaluated by reviewing the literature according to prescribed criteria. Mean resistance rates were calculated to be 9.2% for broad spectrum penicillins, 8.6% for second and third generation cephalosporins, 10.0% for latamoxef, 4.7% for imipenem, 11.8% for ciprofloxacin and 13.4% for aminoglycosides. Emergence of resistance of the infecting organism was associated with therapeutic failure in about half of the cases with the exception of patients treated with aminoglycosides in whom development of resistance resulted in treatment failure in 85 % of the cases. The possible benefit of combination therapy in terms of resistance development is discussed .
doi: 10.1007/BF02017608pmid: 3040392
In comparison to older children and adults, neonates are immunologically incompetent. They are susceptible to infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. These infectious agents may be acquired by neonates either prenatally, during the intrapartum period or postnatally. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the potential impact of viral infections contracted by neonates at the time of delivery or within the neonatal period. The viruses reviewed include the herpes group of viruses (cytomegalo-virus, herpes simplex viruses and varicella-zoster virus), type B hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory viruses, enteroviruses, rotavirus and human papilloma virus. For each virus the potential sources and incidence of the infection, the common manifestations of the illness, and possible means of prevention and therapy are discussed. Although infections caused by bacteria tend to be more clinically dramatic and more immediately life-threatening, it is emphasized that infections caused by viruses are common and associated with substantial long-term morbidity. Perinatal viral infections need to be recognized as early in life as possible so that their natural history can be more completely defined and any possible intervention made .
doi: 10.1007/bf02017608pmid: 3040392
In comparison to older children and adults, neonates are immunologically incompetent. They are susceptible to infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. These infectious agents may be acquired by neonates either prenatally, during the intrapartum period or postnatally. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the potential impact of viral infections contracted by neonates at the time of delivery or within the neonatal period. The viruses reviewed include the herpes group of viruses (cytomegalo-virus, herpes simplex viruses and varicella-zoster virus), type B hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory viruses, enteroviruses, rotavirus and human papilloma virus. For each virus the potential sources and incidence of the infection, the common manifestations of the illness, and possible means of prevention and therapy are discussed. Although infections caused by bacteria tend to be more clinically dramatic and more immediately life-threatening, it is emphasized that infections caused by viruses are common and associated with substantial long-term morbidity. Perinatal viral infections need to be recognized as early in life as possible so that their natural history can be more completely defined and any possible intervention made.
doi: 10.1007/BF02017609pmid: 3305005
In a prospective study to determine the incidence and etiology of neonatal septicemia at Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, all cases of neonatal septicemia in infants born at the hospital from 1981 to 1985 were reviewed. There were 4.0 cases of neonatal septicemia per 1000 live births during the study period. During the five year period the incidence of septicemia tended to increase, mainly due to the increasing incidence of septicemia in infants with a birth weight below 1500 grams. The single most common causative organism was group B streptococci with an incidence of 1.4 per 1000 live births , Staphylococcus aureus accounting for 1.1 cases , Staphylococcus epidermidis for 0.7 cases, and gram-negative rods for only 0.4 cases per 1000 live births. In a retrospective study of the incidence of neonatal septicemia in a non-selected patient population, all cases in the Stockholm area in 1983 were reviewed. In that year there were 17,586 live births in the area and the incidence of neonatal septicemia was 2.6 per 1000 live births. Group B streptococci , Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and gram-negative rods were equally common as causative agents .
Wilhelm, M.; Lee, D.; Rosenblatt, J.
doi: 10.1007/BF02017610pmid: 3113937
Eighty-four anaerobic fecal isolates obtained from five healthy volunteers were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of eight species of Enterobacteriaceae , four species of faculative gram-positive cocci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Forty-nine of the 84 anaerobic isolates (58 %) inhibited the growth of at least one indicator bacterium. Isolates of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. were most consistently inhibitory. Anaerobic cocci and clostridia were infrequently inhibitory; eubacteria showed no inhibitory activity . Serratia marcescens was the indicator most often inhibited; 54 % of all anaerobic isolates tested, all of nine Bifidobacterium isolates and 33 of 43 Bacteroides isolates inhibited this organism. No anaerobes inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus or Streptococcus faecalis .
doi: 10.1007/BF02017611pmid: 3113938
The post-antibiotic effect of ciprofloxacin on five strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated rapid bactericidal action at concentrations achievable in serum. After removal of the drug persistent suppression of bacterial growth followed by regrowth was observed for all strains after exposure of the organisms to various concentrations of ciprofloxacin for limited periods of time (0.25–3 h). The duration of this post-antibiotic effect increased with the concentration of the drug and duration of exposure up to a point of maximal response. This point was reached after approximately 2.2 h using a ciprofloxacin concentration 5–10 times the MIC and 1–2 h of treatment .
Curtis, G.; Johnston, H.; Hack, A.
doi: 10.1007/BF02017612pmid: 3622495
The Berthold LB950 Automatic Luminescence Analyser was used to estimate bacterial adenosine triphosphate in urine. The system provided a rapid (15min) and fully automated screening test for bacteriuria at the 10 5 CFU/ml level. Bioluminescence results for 1040 urines were compared with viable counts using two reference culture methods and frequency distributions of bacterial counts and adenosine triphosphate levels were calculated. With a specificity of 79% the automated method showed a sensitivity of 84% using a pour plate reference count and 91 % using a standard loop reference count. When contaminated urines were excluded the sensitivity improved to 98%. The automated bioluminescence test, though expensive, was shown to work well with good quality specimens .
Ijsselmuiden, O.; Meinardi, M.; Sluis, J.; Menke, H.; Stolz, E.; Eijk, R.
doi: 10.1007/BF02017613pmid: 3305006
A new rapid technique for detection of serum treponemal antibodies is described which is based on an enzyme-linked immunoassay using nitrocellulose as solid phase. With this technique antigen-antibody binding is accelerated by the filtration of the antibody solution through the antigen-coated nitrocellulose filter instead of its remaining over the solid phase for incubation. Test results are available in less than 15 min. Serum specimens from 255 syphilitics and 829 non-infected subjects were investigated. The sensitivity and specificity of the Treponema pallidum enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay were comparable to those of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay and the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test .
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