Apmis

Kåresen, Rolf

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03515.xpmid: N/A

Thyroiditis was induced in guinea‐pigs by the injection of (NH4)2S04 purified thyroglobulin in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the development of the disease was studied at intervals between 5 and 40 days after immunization. Inflammatory reactions, varying from small focal to severe, confluent infiltrations, were observed. In inflamed areas the follicular cells were hypertrophied. In perfusion‐fixed thyroids focal accumulations of leucocytes adherent to the vessel wall of capillaries and venules could be seen. Studies with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti‐γ‐globulin serum revealed that the inflammatory cells contained γ‐globulin. In general the intensity of the fluorescence was moderate, but especially in the more severe forms of thyroiditis scattered strongly labelled cells were seen in the interstitium. In the electron microscope the leucocytes adhering to the vessel wall turned out to be almost exclusively lymphocytes in different stages of transformation, from small lymphocytes to immunoblasts. The transformed lymphocytes traversed the vessel wall through the endothelial cell cytoplasm, and not through the intercellular junctions. Most of the inflammatory cells in the interstitium were lymphocytes exhibiting the same continuous picture of transformation as intravascularly. Further differentiated cells, from the plasmablast, through the proplasmacyte to the mature plasma cell were, however, also found. The thyroid follicles and their lumina were invaded by leucocytes, mainly transformed lymphocytes, but also a few granulocytes. Some of the lymphocytes bulged deeply into the cytoplasm of the follicular cell, often indenting its nucleus, but true emperipolesis was not observed. Penetration of the leucocytes into the follicular lumina appeared to take place through the intercellular spaces. The only changes noted in the follicular cells were the hypertrophy and their occasional deformation by the lymphocytes.

Kåresen, Rolf

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03516.xpmid: 5499387

By repeated intraperitoneal injections of rabbit anti‐guinea‐pig thyroglobulin serum into guinea‐pigs, a high level of precipitating antibody to thyroglobulin was obtained in their serum for periods as long as 40 days. Although rabbit γ‐globulin, most probably anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies, was found as large deposits intercellularly and between the basal plasma membrane and the basement membrane of the follicle cells, no intracellular changes could be observed. No accumulation of mononuclear cells was detected in the interstitium, and in contrast to the heavy infiltration of granulocytes observed 24 hours after a single injection, only scattered eosinophils were found after repeated injections.

Raekallio, J.; Kovács, M.; Mäkinen, P.‐L.

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03517.xpmid: 4322542

The activity of lactate, isocitrate, glucose‐6‐phosphate, succinate and lipoamide dehydrogenases, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome oxidase was demonstrated in the healing experimental fractures of mice. The animals were killed 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12 and 16 hours, and 1, 2 and 3 days after fracturing the right tibia. The subperiosteal osteocytes began to lose their oxidoreductase activity in ten hours. This decrease took place in a 200–500 μm deep central zone, in the immediate vicinity of the fracture line. In the same area necrosis could be histologically demonstrated in two days. In a peripheral zone, farther away from the fracture line, the oxidoreductase activity began to increase from the tenth post‐operative hour onwards in the osteoblasts and osteogenic cells of the inner periosteal layer. Lactate and lipoamide dehydrogenases showed the strongest, succinate and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenases the slightest intensification of activity. The proliferation of the periosteal cells after 16 hours contributed to the increase in oxidoreductase activity, remaining strong during the rest of the experimental period. Similar phenomena were observed in the endosteum, cytochrome oxidase showing the most intense reaction there. The decreasing enzyme activity in the central zone is an early sign of imminent necrosis. The initial increase in oxidoreductase activity in the peripheral zone represents an important part of the enzymatic response to injury, depicting the changing energy production in traumatized tissue.

Poulsen, Knud; Bing, Jens

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03518.xpmid: 4322543

The renin‐system of mice, which has previously been shown to have a unique specificity of angiotensinogen, is shown also to differ from that of rat and man as regards its plasma converting enzyme and its angiotensin I. While these species differences are marked in in vitro studies, they cannot be shown by intravenous injection of mouse angiotensin I into rats. The differences between in vitro and in vivo experiments can be due to qualitative or quantitative differences between plasma and lung converting enzyme. There was so far no demonstrable difference between mouse, rat and human angiotensin II, as they reacted in a similar way with antiangiotensin II.

Bing, Jens; Poulsen, Knud

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03519.xpmid: N/A

24 hours after nephrectomy there is an increase in plasma angiotensinogen which is 2 to 3 times increased in unilaterally nephrectomized rats and 5 to 12 times increased in bilaterally nephrectomized rats. In normal rats, DOCA + salt treated rats and renal hypertensive rats, the postnephrectomy changes are about the same, independent of the marked differences in their pre‐operative plasma and renal renin. The postnephrectomy increase in angiotensinogen must therefore be due to loss of some internal factor other than renin or to loss of some external renal function. Both shamoperation and unilateral nephrectomy are followed by a marked decrease in plasma renin, the postoperative fall being more pronounced after removal of a clamped kidney than after removal of a normal.

Faarup, P.; Nielsen, I.; Jensen, G.; Clausen, E.; Kemp, E.

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03520.xpmid: 5532772

In haemodialysed patients with non‐functioning contracted kidneys – in some of which nearly all glomeruli were found to be hyalinized and the juxtaglomerular apparatus often unidentifiable – a pronounced hyperplasia of epithelioid‐like cells could be demonstrated in the muscular layer of the small cortical arteries. In addition, juxtaglomerular‐like granules could be observed in some of these epithelioid cells. The ultrastructure was found to be similar to that of the epithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In freeze‐dried tissue sections from kidneys supravitally stained with Neutral Red, vascular fractions comprising the cortical small arteries, including epithelioid cells, were isolated by microdissection. In these fractions a high renin content was found, in contrast to the low renin activity of the surrounding tubular tissue. The total renin content of the kidney tissue was increased and in most patients plasma renin values were elevated before nephrectomy. It is concluded that, in contracted kidneys, significant amounts of renin are formed outside the juxtaglomerular apparatus in epithelioid cells situated in the media of small arteries, morphologically identical to the epithelioid cells in the afferent arteriole of the normal kidney.

Henrik, Per; Carstens, Becher

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03521.xpmid: 4322544

Granular cell myoblastomas are among the controversial tumors. Not only has there been disagreement about their origin but also about whether the entity represents a neoplasm or a histiocytic response. In this electron microscopic study of three granular cell myoblastomas, support for the neurogenic origin was obtained by the finding of tumor cells with distinct basement membranes, containing cell inclusions of three different kinds and varying amounts of unmyelinated axons. The three cell inclusions were: The osmiophilic concentric lamellae; the homogeneous lighter bodies, and the aggregates of tubular filaments. The study demonstrated that the osmiophilic concentric lamellae and the homogeneous lighter bodies take origin from degenerating mitochondria within the unmyelinated axons and the aggregates of tubular filaments appear to take origin from the neurofilament within the unmyelinated axons.

Heimann, Peter

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03522.xpmid: 5499388

A method has been worked out to perfuse a thyroid lobe containing a thyroid tumour immediately after it has been removed from the organism. The surgical technique and the fixation method are described. The preservation of the thyroid tissue that was achieved with the described method is of adequate quality and comparable with results obtained in experimental animals. The method has so far been used in 30 cases, of which 4 are represented by micrographs in this preliminary communication.

Lund, B.; Jensen, O. Myhre

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03523.xpmid: N/A

Histopathological changes have been studied in 82 specimens from 52 autografts removed from 1 hour to 45 days after transplantation. Discrete lymphocytic infiltrates were found in about 30 per cent of the autografts. Swelling or proliferation of the endothelium in glomeruli and intrarenal vessels was found in about 25 per cent of the grafts, and exudative changes in glomeruli or vessels were seen in about 10 per cent of the autografts. Glomerular microthrombosis occurred in 10 per cent of the grafts, always in connection with recent vascular thrombosis. In conclusion, the same type of histopathological changes described as occurring in the acute allograft reaction may also be found in autografts. The lesions in autografts, however, are inconstant and slight compared with those in allografts. These observations indicate that the kidney graft possesses a reaction pattern which can be activated by non‐immunological as well as by immunological factors.

Lund, B.; Jensen, O. Myhre

doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb03524.xpmid: 5499390

The quantitative morphological alterations in kidney allografts, removed 1 to 14 days after transplantation, have been studied in 118 rabbits. Infiltration by small lymphocytes gradually increased from the first day after transplantation. These cells were later transformed into or followed by larger lymphocytes which dominated the infiltrates after the fourth or fifth day. Swelling or proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells in the glomeruli slowly became more marked in frequency and extent, followed by proliferations of vascular endothelium and exudation of polymorphonuclear cells and fibrin in glomeruli and vessels. As a rule, proliferative changes were more widespread than exudative changes in the glomeruli and vessels. Thrombosis and cortical necrosis were frequent. In only two cases, however, was massive glomerular microthrombosis present. In the rabbit, the renal allograft reaction differs from renal autograft reaction less in qualitative respects than in quantitative, i.e. by the severity and early appearance of lesions in the allograft.