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Broadbent, Donald; Vines, Robyn; Broadbent, Margaret
doi: 10.1007/BF00308459pmid: N/A
Word lists of fifteen items were presented to eye or to ear, with recall either immediately, or after a visual task, or after an auditory one. Instructions were to recall the last items first. An intervening task using the same modality greatly reduced recall of the last items presented; whereas a visual task did not do so for acoustically presented items. An auditory task reduced visual memory. These results suggest a specific auditory memory for recent events, over-written by subsequent auditory events.
Lazarus-Mainka, G.; Hörmann, H.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308460pmid: 635073
Experiments on ear (hemispheric) asymmetry frequently report results which are probably due to a rather complex interaction of task and subject factors. Starting from the general hypothesis that
Engelkamp, Johannes; Krumnacker, Horst
doi: 10.1007/BF00308461pmid: N/A
The frequency of correct recognition of agent and patient concepts as a function of agent and patient cleft sentence structures was studied. It was expected that the presentation of agent sentences would lead to a better recognition of the concept of agent than of the concept of patient. Such a different recognition performance should, however, not be found under the influence of patient sentences. These expectations were studied in an experiment in which the Ss first saw a sentence which was followed after 5 seconds by a pictorial representation of the agent and patient concepts. After the subjects had seen 12 such sentence-picture-pairs they were shown each concept individually, together with three distractors in a recognition test. The expectations were confirmed by the results.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308462pmid: N/A
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of depth of semantic analysis on the recall of sentences presented for comprehension. The depth of semantic analysis was varied by presenting 48 subjects with 24 unambiguous or lexically ambiguous sentences that were either preceded by a picture or not. Each picture showed either one or both interpretations of the respective ambiguous sentence. The sentence remained on display until the subject had pressed a key to indicate that he had understood its meaning. After the presentation of all the sentences the subjects were tested for recall. Ambiguous sentences were equally well understood as unambiguous sentences, but were better recalled when their ambiguity had been noticed. The subject's awareness of sentence ambiguity, and hence the depth of semantic analysis, was found to depend on the pictorial context in which the sentences were presentend. The pictorial context was also found to affect the depth of processing of unambiguous sentences, which, when presented without a picture, were more time-consuming in comprehension and less well recalled than when preceded by a picture. These findings provide the background for a discussion of the interrelations between the comprehension of sentences, the depth of their semantic processing, and the recall of these sentences.
Nelson, T.; Ladan, C.; Epps, J.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308463pmid: 635074
The manner in which sighted, sighted-but-blindfolded, late-blind (subsequent to 7 years of age), and congenitally blind (blind since birth) persons employ physical parameters in determining weight and volume of functional objects was studied. Eight stimuli each having a unique combination of physical specifications were judged, using both a match and estimate procedure. The results indicated that information derived from mass, displacement, and density provides the basis for volumetric and weight judgements of sighted persons. Non-sighted individuals employ this information differently than do sighted persons. Likewise, individuals after 7 years of age retain information provided by early visual experience and thus may employ a combination of kinesthetic and visual cues. The results also show that sighted and late-blind groups may employ visual perception or memory in determining volume, whereas sighted-but-blindfolded persons and the congenitally blind may employ mass in volumetric tasks. All groups may employ mass (and perhaps density) in determining weight, and although the weight judgements of non-sighted groups correlate highly with mass, sighted subjects are more accurate in judgement (i.e. have the smaller constant error). Sighted subjects apparently employ a complex system in determining weight. Age at which blindness occurred and the number of years of blindness had no effect for the late-blind group.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308464pmid: 635075
Subjects were investigated in a bed rotatable about two axes. With the head erect and the body in a standing, semi-prone or prone position (= pitch) the subject was tilted to the right to one of eight positions between 0° and 150° of roll. During eight minutes the subject aligned a luminous line with the subjective vertical (SV). Differences in the SV between the pitch positions of body were significant for roll tilts above 90°. Individuals differed in the way the SV changed between 90° and 150°, in the scatter in the settings from repeated experiments, and in the degree of influence of pitch positions (= somatoreceptor stimulation). The SV exhibited a distinct time-dependence which was different at tilts below 70° and above. It is concluded that from the two determinants of the SV one (somatoreceptors) loses effectiveness in time because of adaptive processes, while the other (labyrinth) loses effectiveness with increasing deviation of head position from the normal upright; their relative weighting differs from individual to individual.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308465pmid: 635076
Two experiments on latent inhibition are described in which the electrodermal and alpha blocking components of the orienting reaction (OR) were measured during human eyelid conditioning. In the first experiment the 16 Ss in the experimental group received 20 CS pre-exposure trials. The OR habituated on those trials but reappeared fully after the first conditioning trial. Therefore, after that trial there was no difference in OR amplitude with a no pre-exposure control group. The two groups did not differ in conditioning performance either. In the second experiment two groups of 25 Ss received an equal number of CS pre-exposures but one group was conditioned during the performance of a masking task. This time the reappearance of the OR was only observed in the no-task group. The results of both experiments are discussed in relation to Sokolov's theory on the facilitative effect of the OR on conditioning.
doi: 10.1007/BF00308466pmid: 635077
Two experiments were performed to determine whether a physiological correlate of visual imagery could be measured from visually-evoked-responses (VERs). ‘High’ and ‘Low’ imagery groups were used. There was no direct effect of imagery, although some differences between the groups emerged. These differences are thought to be due to factors associated with imaging, but not imagery per se.
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