International Journal of Eating Disorders

Soares, Rafael Marques; Nunes, Maria Angélica; Schmidt, Maria Inês; Giacomello, Andressa; Manzolli, Patrícia; Camey, Suzi; Buss, Caroline; Drehmer, Michele; Melere, Cristiane; Hoffman, Juliana; Ozcariz, Silvia; Manenti, Carlo Nunes; Pinheiro, Andréa Poyastro; Duncan, Bruce Bartholow

doi: 10.1002/eat.20643pmid: 19115363

Objective: To examine the prevalence of inappropriate eating behaviors and associated factors among pregnant women in primary care. Method: The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire was used to assess eating disorders and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders was used to examine anxiety and depressive symptoms. Body mass index (BMI) and pregestational weight were also assessed. Results: Prevalence of binge eating during pregnancy was 17.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.5–20.0), followed by excessive shape (5.6%; 95% CI 4–8) and weight concerns (5.5%; 95% CI 4–8). Binge eating during pregnancy was significantly associated with binge eating before pregnancy (prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.1; 95% CI 2.2–4.3), current anxiety symptoms (PR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.3–2.4), and prepregnancy BMI < 19.8 kg/m2 (PR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.5). The prevalence of eating disorders was 0.6% (95% CI 0.01–1.11). Discussion: Eating disorder symptoms should be routinely assessed and treated during prenatal care, along with other comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Swann, Rebecca A.; Von Holle, Ann; Torgersen, Leila; Gendall, Kelly; Reichborn‐Kjennerud, Ted; Bulik, Cynthia M.

doi: 10.1002/eat.20632pmid: 19115369

Objective To explore attitudes toward weight gain during pregnancy in women with and without eating disorders and across eating disorder subtypes, and to examine associations among weight‐gain attitudes and actual gestational weight gain, infant birth weight, and infant size‐for‐gestational‐age. Method Pregnant women (35,929) enrolled in the prospective population‐based Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa) provided information at approximately week 18 of gestation regarding eating disorders and weight gain attitudes. We explored these variables in women with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified, purging type, and binge eating disorder (BED). Results The presence of an eating disorderly was associated with greater worry over gestational weight gain. In women without eating disorders, greater worry was associated with higher gestational weight gain, higher infant weights, greater likelihood of a large‐for‐gestational‐age infant, and reduced likelihood of a small‐for‐gestational‐age infant. Women with BED who reported greater worry also experienced higher weight gains during pregnancy. Discussion Women with eating disorders tend to experience weight‐gain‐related worry during pregnancy. Early worry about gestational weight‐gain may be a harbinger of high gestational gain. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Consoli, Daniele; Contarino, Angelo; Tabarin, Antoine; Drago, Filippo

doi: 10.1002/eat.20637pmid: 19130488

Objective Given the lack of reliable murine model of binge‐like eating, we tried to induce this pathological behavior in mice. Method We used an experimental protocol mimicking the etiological factors involved in the development of binge eating in humans, that is, food restriction, refeeding (R‐R) in presence of high palatable food, and stress (S). Results Mice subjected to at least three cycles of R‐R plus S (forced swimming stress), showed a binge‐like behavior evident as early as 4 h, persisting 24 h after stress application and not associated to depressive‐like behavior. However, after the third R‐R/S cycle, food intakes of mice returned to normal levels. Discussion (i) at least three cycles of R‐R plus S are required to promote abnormal eating in mice, (ii) this is not associated to depressive‐like behaviors, and (iii) the enhanced pathological behavior showed a transient nature not persisting after the third R‐R/S cycle. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Khaylis, Anna; Trockel, Mickey; Taylor, C. Barr

doi: 10.1002/eat.20644pmid: 19115362

Objective: To determine binge drinking rates in college‐age women at risk for eating disorders and to examine factors related to binge drinking over time. Method: Participants were 480 college‐age women who were at high risk for developing an eating disorder (ED) and who had a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 32. Participants were assessed annually for 4 years. Results: Participants reported high rates of binge drinking and frequent binge drinking throughout college. Binge drinking was positively correlated with dietary restraint, coping using substances, coping using denial, and life events. Discussion: The study's findings suggest that binge drinking is highly prevalent in women at high risk for developing eating disorders. Results also indicated that binge drinking was related to dieting and maladaptive coping patterns. Intervention for women with strong weight and shape concerns should also address problematic alcohol use. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Dellava, Jocilyn E.; Policastro, Peggy; Hoffman, Daniel J.

doi: 10.1002/eat.20619pmid: 19107831

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if energy metabolism and body composition differ between women recovered from anorexia nervosa for 2 or more years (RAN) and control (C) women. Method: Using a cross‐sectional design, 16 RAN and 18 C women were studied. Respiratory quotient (RQ) and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured using indirect calorimetry and body composition using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Results: The REE between RAN and C women was not significantly different, even when adjusted for body composition. However, RAN women had a higher rate of fat oxidation (p = .015), controlling for diet and body composition. There were no significant differences between the groups for body composition, percent body fat, or percent truncal fat mass. Discussion: Although RAN women have a higher rate of fat oxidation, there were no significant differences in REE or body composition when compared with C women. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009

Salafia, Elizabeth H. Blodgett; Gondoli, Dawn M.; Corning, Alexandra F.; Bucchianeri, Michaela M.; Godinez, Nicole M.

doi: 10.1002/eat.20626pmid: 19107834

Objective: Because bulimia nervosa is a problem among adolescents, it remains essential to examine its precursors. The specific etiologic chain investigated in this study is such that maternal psychological control first leads to adolescents' lowered self‐competence, which in turn predicts bulimic symptoms. Method: Self‐report data were collected from 58 boys and 73 girls during sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Participants reported on maternal psychological control, self‐competence, and bulimic symptoms. Results: Using structural equation modeling, we tested our hypothesized longitudinal indirect effects model separately for boys and girls. Results indeed indicated that high maternal psychological control in sixth grade led to lowered adolescents' self‐competence in seventh grade, which in turn predicted increased bulimic symptoms in eighth grade for both boys and girls. Discussion: This study uncovers one particular process wherein a psychologically controlling parenting style affects adolescents' development of bulimic symptoms, a finding that may be useful to researchers and clinicians. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009

Smyth, Joshua M.; Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Sliwinski, Martin J.; Crosby, Ross D.; Engel, Scott G.; Mitchell, James E.; Calogero, Rachel M.

doi: 10.1002/eat.20623pmid: 19115371

Objective The present study examined ecological momentary assessments of binge/vomit behavior, mood, and type and severity of stressors in a sample of 133 women with bulimia nervosa. Method Participants completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol for a period of 2 weeks. Results Mixed‐effects and multilevel logistic models revealed significant variation across time of day and day of the week in the occurrence of binging, vomiting, positive and negative affect, and the severity and types of stressful events. Discussion These findings explicate how momentary and daily experiences vary in the natural environments of women with bulimia nervosa, and document critical time periods for intervention. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Van Vlierberghe, Leen; Braet, Caroline; Goossens, Lien

doi: 10.1002/eat.20638pmid: 19115366

Objective: This study aimed to investigate in overweight adolescents the association of dysfunctional schemas (negative basic beliefs about the self and one's relationships with others) on one hand and eating disorder (ED) symptoms and depression on the other hand. Method: Participants were 32 overweight adolescents experiencing loss of control over eating (LC) and 32 overweight youngsters experiencing no loss of control over eating (NoLC), matched on referral status, age, gender, and degree of overweight. Adolescents were interviewed with the Eating Disorder Examination—Child version and completed the Young Schema Questionnaire and the Children's Depression Inventory. Results: The LC group displayed a greater severity of dysfunctional schemas than the NoLC group. Maladaptive schemas were related to ED cognitions, dietary restraint attitudes, and depressive symptoms. Discussion: In overweight youngsters, ED symptoms are associated with dysfunctional thinking patterns and negative affect. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Glauert, Rebecca; Rhodes, Gillian; Byrne, Sue; Fink, Bernhard; Grammer, Karl

doi: 10.1002/eat.20640pmid: 19115365

Objective: Body dissatisfaction is of high prevalence among women all over the Western world. It is often suggested that sociocultural processes are the main cause of such widespread dissatisfaction. Here, we consider how perceptual effects may influence ideas of body normality and body ideals. Method: Women who varied on a measure of body dissatisfaction rated a range of bodies for how normal and ideal they looked. They were exposed to either thin or fat bodies, and then they rerated the bodies. Results: Women's perceptions of body normality and ideal were easily malleable by exposure. In addition, greater body dissatisfaction and internalization of the thin Western ideal were related to (i) a smaller most normal and ideal body, (ii) a greater discrepancy between the most normal and most ideal‐rated body, and (iii) a reduced effect of exposure to fat bodies. Discussion: Reduced updating of perceptions of body normality and body ideals in response to experience may be one mechanism that maintains body dissatisfaction. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009

Currin, Laura; Waller, Glenn; Schmidt, Ulrike

doi: 10.1002/eat.20636pmid: 19115367

Objective This study examined the influence of primary care physicians' knowledge of and attitudes to eating disorders on their treatment decisions. Method A sample of primary care physicians completed self‐report measures on eating disorders and their attitudes towards such patients. They also indicated their diagnosis and treatment decisions in response to case vignettes. Results Physicians had substantial gaps in knowledge of the eating disorders. Attitudes to anorexia nervosa clustered differently to those toward patients with bulimia nervosa. However, for both disorders, the factor that explained the most variance was illness duration and consequences. There was no association of knowledge and attitudes, and these variables did not predicted the likelihood of diagnosing an eating disorder. However, those with higher knowledge scores were more likely to ensure that a follow‐up appointment took place, particularly when they held the attitude that people with anorexia nervosa had personal control over their problem. Discussion There is a need for greater education of primary care physicians regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the eating disorders, and for that information to be more readily accessible when it is needed. Their clinical actions need to be guided by more objective sources of information and protocols. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord, 2009