Biomedical Chromatography

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3345pmid: N/A

Abd El Qader, Amir; Lieberman, David; Shemer Avni, Yonat; Svobodin, Natali; Lazarovitch, Tsilia; Sagi, Orli; Zeiri, Yehuda

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3494pmid: 26033043

Respiratory infections (RI) can be viral or bacterial in origin. In either case, the invasion of the pathogen results in production and release of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present study examines the VOCs released from cultures of five viruses (influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 1 virus), three bacteria (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated colonies. Our results demonstrate the involvement of inflammation‐induced VOCs. Two significant VOCs were identified as associated with infectious bacterial activity, heptane and methylcyclohexane. These two VOCs have been linked in previous studies to oxidative stress effects. In order to distinguish between bacterial and viral positive cultures, we performed principal component analysis including peak identity (retention time) and VOC concentration (i.e. area under the peak) revealing 1‐hexanol and 1‐heptadecene to be good predictors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Li, Zhen‐Hua; Zhu, He; Cai, Xue‐Ping; He, Dan‐Dan; Hua, Jun‐Lei; Ju, Jian‐Ming; Lv, Han; Ma, Li; Li, Wei‐Lin

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3497pmid: 26033261

Folium Eriobotryae effective fraction (FEA), the extract of Folium Eriobotryae, had been used as anti‐hyperglycemia and anti‐hyperlipemia medicine in China. A previous study indicated that euscaphic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, the five structurally similar triterpene acids (containing two groups of structural isomers), are the major components of FEA. In the present study, we developed a specific and reliable LC‐MS method for simultaneous determination of the five triterpene acids in rat plasma, and further investigated their pharmacokinetic properties after oral administration of FEA. Following a simple sample preparation, chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with a mobile phase composed of methanol–0.1% ammonium acetate (80:20, v/v). Quantification was achieved by monitoring the selected ions at m/z 487.6 for euscaphic acid, m/z 471.5 for maslinic acid and corosolic acid, m/z 455.5 for oleanolic acid and ursolic acid and m/z 469.5 for internal standard. The method was validated to be specific, accurate and precise over the concentration ranges of 10–3000 ng/mL with limits of detections of 5 ng/mL for the five triterpene acids. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the five structurally similar triterpene acids in rats after oral administration of FEA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Teng, Shi‐Yong; Zhang, Si‐Xi; Niu, Kai; Zhai, Li‐Jie; Wang, Shi‐Ji

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3498pmid: 26033334

Bullatine A is a diterpenoid alkaloid of Xue‐Shang‐Yi‐Zhi‐Hao (Aconitum brachypodum), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatism and pain. The plasma levels of bullatine A were measured by a rapid and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method. Samples were prepared using acetonitrile precipitation and the separation of bullatine A was achieved on a Capcell Pak MG‐C18 column by isocratic elution using acetonitrile (phase A) and 0.1% formic acid (phase B, pH 4.0; A:B, 30:70, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection was performed on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple‐reaction monitoring of the transitions at m/z 344.2 → 105.2 for bullatine A and m/z 256.2 → 167.1 for the internal standard. The linearity was found to be within the concentration range of 1.32–440 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 1.32 ng/mL. Only 1.3 min was needed for an each analytical run. This method was successfully applied in the determination of the active component bullatine A in rat plasma after intramuscular administration of A. brachypodum injection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wen, Congcong; Wang, Shuanghu; Huang, Xueli; Liu, Zezheng; Lin, Yingying; Yang, Suping; Ma, Jianshe; Zhou, Yunfang; Wang, Xianqin

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3499pmid: 26033449

In this work, a sensitive and selective ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method for determination of hupehenine in rat plasma was developed and validated. After addition of imperialine as an internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile–methanol (9:1, v/v) was used to prepare samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase with gradient elution. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification using target fragment ions m/z 416.3 → 98.0 for hupehenine, and m/z 430.3 → 138.2 for IS. Calibration plots were linear throughout the range 2–2000 ng/mL for hupehenine in rat plasma. Mean recoveries of hupehenine in rat plasma ranged from 92.5 to 97.3%. Relative standard deviations of intra‐day and inter‐day precision were both <6%. The accuracy of the method was between 92.7 and 107.4%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of hupehenine after either oral or intravenous administration. For the first time, the bioavailability of hupehenine was reported as 13.4%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Al‐Attas, Amirah; Nasr, Jenny Jeehan; El‐Enany, Nahed; Belal, Fathalla

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3500pmid: 26058453

A green, novel, rapid, accurate and reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin, tazobactam and cefepime in pharmaceutical preparations. Separation was carried out using fused silica capillary (50 µm i.d. × 48.6 cm and 40.2 cm detection length) and applied potential of 20 kV (positive polarity) and a running buffer containing 15 m m sodium borate buffer adjusted to pH 9.3 with UV detection at 215 nm. Amoxicillin was used as an internal standard. The method was suitably validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method showed good linearity in the ranges of 10–100, 20–400 and 10–400 µg/mL with limits of quantitation of 1.87, 3.17 and 6.97 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.56, 0.95 and 2.09 µg/mL for tazobactam, piperacillin and cefepime, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of these drugs in their synthetic mixtures and co‐formulated injection vials. The method was extended to the in vitro determination of the two drugs in spiked human plasma. It is considered a ‘green’ method as it consumes no organic solvents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chen, Hui; Li, Zheng; Li, Yin‐jie; Wu, Xiao‐wen; Wang, Shi‐rui; Chen, Kai; Zheng, Xiao‐xiao; Du, Qian; Tang, Dao‐quan

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3501pmid: 26018907

A novel UPLC‐DAD method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of baicalin (baicalein‐7‐glucuronide, BG), oroxylin A‐7‐O‐glucuronide (OAG) and wogonoside (WG) in rat plasma using rutin as the internal standard. Plasma samples were precipitated using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) using gradient acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid water solution as mobile phase. The flow‐rate was set at 0.4 mL/min and the eluate was detected at 275 nm. The method was linear over the ranges of 0.075–17.50, 0.050–12.60 and 0.056–14.10 µg/mL for BG, OAG and WG, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were respectively <4.8% and 6.4%. All of the limits of detection of three analytes in rat plasma were 0.01 µg/mL, whereas the limits of quantification were, respectively, 0.035, 0.025 and, 0.025 µg/mL. This assay has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetics of BG, OAG and WG in rats after oral administration of Yinhuang granule (YHG) and comparative pharmacokinetics of BG in rats following oral administration of the pure BG, Radix Scutellariae (RS) or YHG. We speculate that some co‐existing ingredients in RS or YHG may increase the absorption and elimination of BG in rat. This work may be helpful for the quality control of Yinhuang granule. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sharif, K. M.; Rahman, M. M.; Azmir, J.; Khatib, A.; Sabina, E.; Shamsudin, S. H.; Zaidul, I. S. M.

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3503pmid: 26033701

Multivariate analysis of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) images was modeled to predict antioxidant activity of Pereskia bleo leaves and to identify the contributing compounds of the activity. TLC was developed in optimized mobile phase using the ‘PRISMA’ optimization method and the image was then converted to wavelet signals and imported for multivariate analysis. An orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) model was developed consisting of a wavelet‐converted TLC image and 2,2‐diphynyl‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of 24 different preparations of P. bleo as the x‐ and y‐variables, respectively. The quality of the constructed OPLS model (1 + 1 + 0) with one predictive and one orthogonal component was evaluated by internal and external validity tests. The validated model was then used to identify the contributing spot from the TLC plate that was then analyzed by GC‐MS after trimethylsilyl derivatization. Glycerol and amine compounds were mainly found to contribute to the antioxidant activity of the sample. An alternative method to predict the antioxidant activity of a new sample of P. bleo leaves has been developed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fan, Hua; Wang, Chaozhan; Wei, Yinmao

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3504pmid: 26061980

Salbutamol (SAL) is the most widely used β2‐agonist drug for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary patients, but it is also often abused as feed additive. In recent years, the abuse of SAL has led to a large number of food safety incidents. Therefore, the monitoring of SAL residues in animal products is very important. A highly selective boronate affinity magnetic adsorbent was synthesized and developed for detection of trace levels of SAL residues in pig tissue samples. The obtained Fe3O4@SiO2@FPBA(4‐formylphenylboronic acid) magnetic adsorbent showed good adsorption ability to catechol and SAL, and then it was successfully applied as special magnetic solid‐phase phase extraction adsorbent coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous isolation and determination of cis‐diol compounds. The binding capacity of catechol and SAL reached 96 and 50 µmol/g, respectively. The method was successfully established for the detection of trace levels of SAL in pig tissue samples. The linear range extended from 0.32 to 800 µg/kg (R2 = 0.9994). The limit of detection of SAL was 0.19 µg/kg. The recoveries were satisfactory (89.5–108.0%) at three spiked levels with RSD between 2.1 and 11.3%. These results indicated that the method has potential for enrichment and detection of trace levels of SAL residual in animal food products. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Zhao, Min; Qian, Dawei; Liu, Pei; Shang, Er‐xin; Jiang, Shu; Guo, Jianming; Su, Shu‐lan; Duan, Jin‐ao; Du, Leyue; Tao, Jinhua

doi: 10.1002/bmc.3505pmid: 26031219

In this study, a sensitive and robust ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method with multiple‐reaction monitoring mode was developed, validated, and applied to determine pharmacokinetics of catalpol and acteoside in normal and doxorubicin‐induced chronic kidney disease rats after oral administration of Rehmannia glutinosa extract. The lower limits of quantification for catalpol and acteoside in rat plasma were 2.62 and 0.61 ng/mL, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of ≥10. Precision and accuracy studies showed that catalpol and acteoside plasma concentrations were within the 10% range in all studies. The extraction recoveries of catalpol and acteoside were both >68.24% and the matrix effects ranged from 96.59 to 101.62%. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of catalpol and acteoside after oral administration of RG extract to normal and model rats, respectively. This study might further support the traditional use of RG to treat kidney diseases clinically. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.