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doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670173pmid: N/A
The general purpose of this paper is to determine the main causes of Third World external public debt, and in particular the role military expenditures have played in contributing to that debt, For purposes of analysis, it was found useful to separate developing countries into two groups. The first were classified as largely undynamic and resource constrained, while the second group were dynamic and less constrained by such factors as domestic savings and foreign exchange. Examining each group separately, it was found that military expenditures have significantly contributed to the external debt position of the constrained group of countries, but not those countries with relatively high foreign exchange earning capacity. Given that military expenditures are largely “unproductive”, it appears that the resource constrained countries will face particularly severe problems in servicing their external liabilities.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670174pmid: N/A
This paper suggests that the terms and clauses of legal agreements governing manufacturing investments in developing countries tend to become more favorable to the host countries as the countries' “attractiveness” (as defined) to foreign investment increases. First a framework for analysis is set up, with attractiveness on one axis and “favorability” on the other. Then the paper presents terms and clauses from selected agreements involving countries at very different levels of attractiveness to illustrate how the shadings of terminology vary. This observation is found to apply mainly to operating terms, however, and not to those concerning ownership and board representation or to standard “boilerplate” clauses.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670175pmid: N/A
The importance of the informal sector has given rise to an extensive volume of empirical research. In this tradition, the author of this article suggests that for thousand of new urbanites, informal sector activities allow for a smooth passage from a traditional socio-economic culture to the new perceptions and socio-economic behaviour of an urban environment. Due to their practical and basic needs orientation, informal sector activities supply the towns with many products and services while providing employment and income to their participants albeit in a precarious fashion.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670176pmid: 12315266
The urbanization process is not only global in scale, and thus subject to universal principles, but intensely specific in time and place. The former calls for research which is both transnational and comparative, the latter for analyses set in the appropriate socio-economic and political circumstances. This paper outlines a conceptual framework, based on the theory of urban systems, that can accommodate both spatial scales as well as provide a bridge between research focusing on developed and developing countries. A developmental model of migration is introduced to illustrate the approach and the paper concludes with a series of challenges to future research.
Cain, Stephen R.; Kerr, William A.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670177pmid: N/A
Rural electrification is necessary if rural incomes are to keep pace with those of urban dwellers as an economy develops. The recent changes in China's development strategies have altered both the emphasis and form of electrification strategies. The move away from small local power generation to an emphasis on large projects and extension of the electrical grid are likely to have two effects. First, as the extension of the grid to rural consumers is likely to be prohibitively expensive the pace of rural electrification is likely to slow. Second, as the central government will have more control on the end use of electricity, less of the benefits from electrification are likely to remain in rural areas. The end result is that urban-rural income differences will increase. As the Chinese revolution has historically had a rural base, the recent changes may lead to less consensus on the appropriate development strategy.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670178pmid: N/A
The paper discusses briefly the political structure of the industrializing elite in India, Sri Lanka and Singapore and the inriushial policies and industrial relutions strategies they adopted as part of their national economic development planning process. Worker participation at the national and enterprise levels was adopted as an important strategy for improving industrial relations and for managing human resources. An indepth analysis of the influence of political structure on worker participation indicates significantly different results among the three countries. The multiple-political-parties-multiple-trade-unions structure in India and Sri Lanka impeded the functioning of worker participation and resulted in increased industrial conflict while the single-party-single-union structure in Singapore facilitated complete control of industrial conflict. Nevertheless, industrial relations strategies in the three countries are more or less similar and, if implemented properly, would contribute to the development of an Asian industrial relations system. A few policies are suggested in the paper for implementation and for improving industrial relations to facilitate industrialization of these developing countries.
doi: 10.1080/02255189.1987.9670179pmid: 12315265
Demographic data show that there has been an important and rapid evolution of public health standards in Puerto Rico during the last fifty years. But while the overall data show impressive progress, there could be some remaining social or regional disparities. A factor analysis on twenty-six social and economic variables measured in the seventy-eight “municipios” of the island is used to build a socio-economic model that reveals regional disparities. Adult and infant mortality rates in the different regions are computed and show that disparities in public health do exist. In fact, it appears that the most developed urban areas have patterns of mortality similar to the more traditional rural areas. On the other hand the developing regions have pathogenic patterns.
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