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Zeitzer, Jamie M.; Morales-Villagran, Alberto; Maidment, Nigel T.; Behnke, Eric J.; Ackerson, Larry C.; Lopez-Rodriguez, Faustino; Fried, Itzhak; Engel, Jerome; Wilson, Charles L.
doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.4.455pmid: 16676778
Zeitzer, Jamie M.; Morales-Villagran, Alberto; Maidment, Nigel T.; Behnke, Eric J.; Ackerson, Larry C.; Lopez-Rodriguez, Faustino; Fried, Itzhak; Engel, Jerome; Wilson, Charles L.
doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.04.455pmid: N/A
Study Objectives:To examine the pattern of extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep deprivation, sleep, and normal wake.Design:Following recovery from implantation of clinical depth electrodes, epilepsy patients remained awake for 40 continuous hours, followed by a recovery sleep episode.Setting:Neurology ward at UCLA Medical Center.Patients or Participants:Seven male epilepsy patients undergoing depth electrode localization of pharmacologically refractory seizures.Interventions:All subjects were implanted with depth electrodes, a subset of which were customized to contain microdialysis probes. Microdialysis samples were collected during normal sleep, sleep deprivation, and recovery sleep from human amygdalae (n=8), hippocampus (n=1), and cortex (n=1).Measurements and Results:In none of the probes did we observe an increase in extracellular adenosine during the sleep deprivation. There was a significant, though very small, diurnal oscillation (2.5%) in 5 of the 8 amygdalae. There was no effect of epileptogenicity on the pattern of extracellular adenosine.Conclusions:Our observations, along with those in animal studies, indicate that the role of extracellular adenosine in regulating sleep pressure is not a global brain phenomenon but is likely limited to specific basal forebrain areas. Thus, if energy homeostasis is a function of sleep, an increased rate of adenosine release into the extracellular milieu of the amygdala, cortex, or hippocampus is unlikely to be a marker of such a process.Citation:Zeitzer JM; Morales-Villagran A; Maidment NT et al. Extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep and sleep deprivation: an in vivo microdialysis study.
Kaida, Kosuke; Takahashi, Masaya; Haratani, Takashi; Otsuka, Yasumasa; Fukasawa, Kenji; Nakata, Akinori
doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.04.462pmid: N/A
Study Objectives:The present study examined the effects of indoor exposure to natural bright light on afternoon sleepiness.Design:Participants took part in 3 experimental conditions: (1) a natural bright light condition in which they carried out performance and arousal tests sitting near a window (3260.0 ± 1812.43 lux) from 12:40 PM to 1:10 PM, (2) a nap condition in which they were provided a nap opportunity for 20 minutes from 12:45 PM, and (3) a control condition in which they performed the tests in less than 100 lux surroundings from 12:40 PM to 1:10 PM. Before and after each treatment, the same series of tests were administered.Setting:A temperature- and light-controlled sleep laboratory.Participants:Sixteen healthy female paid volunteers aged 33 to 43 (38.1 ± 2.68) years.Interventions:Indoor natural bright light and a short nap.Measurements and Results:Arousal levels were measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Alpha Attenuation Test, Karolinska Drowsiness Test, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. The tests were repeated every 30 minutes from 11:00 AM to 4:10 PM. Ambient light intensity was maintained at less than 100 lux, except during natural bright light exposure. Short-term exposure to natural bright light significantly improved afternoon arousal levels, as measured by the Karolinska Drowsiness Test and Alpha Attenuation Test, the effects of which continued for at least 60 minutes (1:10–2:10 PM). However, no significant differences were observed between conditions for Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance.Conclusions:Brief indoor exposure to natural bright light may decrease afternoon sleepiness. This technique of light could be used in work settings in which napping is not permitted.Citation:Kaida K; Takahashi M; Haratani T et al. Indoor exposure to natural bright light prevents afternoon sleepiness.
Kaida, Kosuke; Takahashi, Masaya; Haratani, Takashi; Otsuka, Yasumasa; Fukasawa, Kenji; Nakata, Akinori
doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.4.462pmid: 16676779
Study Objectives:The present study examined the effects of indoor exposure to natural bright light on afternoon sleepiness.Design:Participants took part in 3 experimental conditions: (1) a natural bright light condition in which they carried out performance and arousal tests sitting near a window (3260.0 ± 1812.43 lux) from 12:40 PM to 1:10 PM, (2) a nap condition in which they were provided a nap opportunity for 20 minutes from 12:45 PM, and (3) a control condition in which they performed the tests in less than 100 lux surroundings from 12:40 PM to 1:10 PM. Before and after each treatment, the same series of tests were administered.Setting:A temperature- and light-controlled sleep laboratory.Participants:Sixteen healthy female paid volunteers aged 33 to 43 (38.1 ± 2.68) years.Interventions:Indoor natural bright light and a short nap.Measurements and Results:Arousal levels were measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Alpha Attenuation Test, Karolinska Drowsiness Test, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. The tests were repeated every 30 minutes from 11:00 AM to 4:10 PM. Ambient light intensity was maintained at less than 100 lux, except during natural bright light exposure. Short-term exposure to natural bright light significantly improved afternoon arousal levels, as measured by the Karolinska Drowsiness Test and Alpha Attenuation Test, the effects of which continued for at least 60 minutes (1:10–2:10 PM). However, no significant differences were observed between conditions for Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance.Conclusions:Brief indoor exposure to natural bright light may decrease afternoon sleepiness. This technique of light could be used in work settings in which napping is not permitted.Citation:Kaida K; Takahashi M; Haratani T et al. Indoor exposure to natural bright light prevents afternoon sleepiness.
Lo, Yu-Lun; Jordan, Amy S.; Malhotra, Atul; Wellman, Andrew; Heinzer, Raphael C.; Schory, Karen; Dover, Louise; Fogel, Robert B.; White, David P.
doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.4.470pmid: 16676780
Study Objectives:The objective was to evaluate the responsiveness of upper airway muscles to hypercapnia with and without intrapharyngeal negative pressure during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and wakefulness.Design:We assessed the genioglossal muscle response to CO2 off and on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (to attenuate negative pressure) during stable NREM sleep and wakefulness in the supine position.Setting:Laboratory of the Sleep Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital.Patients or Participants:Eleven normal healthy subjects.Interventions:During wakefulness and NREM sleep, we measured genioglossal electromyography (EMG) on and off CPAP at the normal eupneic level and at levels 5 and 10 mm Hg above the awake eupneic level.Measurements and Results:We observed that CO2 could increase upper-airway muscle activity during NREM sleep and wakefulness in the supine position with and without intrapharyngeal negative pressure. The application of nasal CPAP significantly decreased genioglossal EMG at all 3 levels of PETCO2 during NREM sleep (13.0 ± 4.9% vs. 4.6 ± 1.6% of maximal EMG, 14.6 ± 5.6% vs. 7.1 ± 2.3% of maximal EMG, and 17.3 ± 6.3% vs. 10.2 ± 3.1% of maximal EMG, respectively). However, the absence of negative pressure in the upper airway did not significantly affect the slope of the pharyngeal airway dilator muscle response to hypercapnia during NREM sleep (0.72 ± 0.30% vs. 0.79 ± 0.27% of maximal EMG per mm Hg PCO2 , respectively, off and on CPAP).Conclusions:We conclude that both chemoreceptive and negative pressure reflex inputs to this upper airway dilator muscle are still active during stable NREM sleep.Citation:Lo YL; Jordan AS; Malhotra A et al. Genioglossal muscle responseto CO2 stimulation during NREM sleep.
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Study Objectives:To examine the pattern of extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep deprivation, sleep, and normal wake.Design:Following recovery from implantation of clinical depth electrodes, epilepsy patients remained awake for 40 continuous hours, followed by a recovery sleep episode.Setting:Neurology ward at UCLA Medical Center.Patients or Participants:Seven male epilepsy patients undergoing depth electrode localization of pharmacologically refractory seizures.Interventions:All subjects were implanted with depth electrodes, a subset of which were customized to contain microdialysis probes. Microdialysis samples were collected during normal sleep, sleep deprivation, and recovery sleep from human amygdalae (n=8), hippocampus (n=1), and cortex (n=1).Measurements and Results:In none of the probes did we observe an increase in extracellular adenosine during the sleep deprivation. There was a significant, though very small, diurnal oscillation (2.5%) in 5 of the 8 amygdalae. There was no effect of epileptogenicity on the pattern of extracellular adenosine.Conclusions:Our observations, along with those in animal studies, indicate that the role of extracellular adenosine in regulating sleep pressure is not a global brain phenomenon but is likely limited to specific basal forebrain areas. Thus, if energy homeostasis is a function of sleep, an increased rate of adenosine release into the extracellular milieu of the amygdala, cortex, or hippocampus is unlikely to be a marker of such a process.Citation:Zeitzer JM; Morales-Villagran A; Maidment NT et al. Extracellular adenosine in the human brain during sleep and sleep deprivation: an in vivo microdialysis study.