SLEEP

Goetz, Raymond, R.;Hanlon,, Cleo;Puig-Antich,, Joaquim;Weitzman, Elliot, D.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.1pmid: 3992103

Summary: In a previous publication, prepubertal depressives were found not to exhibit a shortened REM period latency during active illness when compared with pathological and normal control groups. It was hypothesized that this might be due to a nonselective inhibition of REM sleep by slow-wave sleep (SWS), which is quite intense among prepubertal children, especially during the first 2 h of the sleep period. A number of polysomnographic signs normally associated with REM sleep were observed to occur periodically, prior to the beginning of the first REM period. It was thought that these signs might be indicative of “minor escapes” of REM sleep activity from the inhibitory influence of SWS. It was further hypothesized that differences among the experimental groups in the occurrence (timing and amount per minute) of these signs support the idea of an inhibitory effect of SWS on REM; and thus offer an explanation for the apparent dissociation between the depressive disorder among prepubertal children and a shortened REM period latency. The hypotheses were not supported by the results presented here indicating that the above dissociation is probably not due to inhibitory mechanisms of SWS on REM sleep. REM signs, REM attempts, Prepubertal depressives This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Bonnet, Michael, H.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.11pmid: 3992104

Summary: Eleven young adult subjects were briefly awakened after each minute of electroencephalographic-defined sleep for 2 consecutive nights after undisturbed laboratory adaptation and baseline nights. Two undisturbed recovery nights followed disruption nights. On disruption nights, subjects were awakened with an audiometer and signaled the awakening by subjective rating of sleep state or button push response. The disruption procedure resulted in severely fragmented sleep with only very small amounts of slow-wave and REM sleep. Total sleep time was reduced by approximately 1 h on each night. Arousal threshold increased 56 dB across the disruption nights. Following disruption, subjects performed more poorly and rated themselves sleepier than on baseline. The level of decline was similar to that seen after periods of total sleep loss of 40–64 h. Recovery sleep was also similar to that seen after total sleep loss. It was concluded that periodic disruption of sleep, perhaps by destroying sleep continuity, quickly results in impaired function. These data may help explain function loss in severe sleep apneics. Sleep deprivation, Sleep disruption, Sleep fragmentation, Sleep apnea This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Reynolds, Charles, F.;Kupfer, David, J.;Taska, Lynn, S.;Hoch, Carolyn, C.;Sewitch, Deborah, E.;Spiker, Duane, G.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.20pmid: 3992105

Summary: In an EEG sleep study of 40 healthy seniors (19 men and 21 women) aged 58–82 years, men could not maintain sleep as well as women and experienced less stage 3 sleep. The increased wakefulness after sleep onset among the men was particularly marked during the last 2 h of recording. REM density (during the first and second REM periods) showed an interaction of sex and age effects: thus, women in their 60s had higher REM density than men, whereas men in their 70s had higher REM density than women. In both men and women, however, regardless of age, the temporal distribution of REM sleep and REM density during the night was flat. Finally, only a mild degree of sleep-disordered breathing was noted, with positive age effects on apnea/hypopnea index and maximal duration of apnea. These findings are reviewed in relation to the sleep and aging literature. Sleep, Aging, Healthy elderly, Apnea, Slow-wave sleep, REM sleep This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Yesavage,, Jerome;Bliwise,, Donald;Guilleminault,, Christian;Carskadon,, Mary;Dement,, William

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.30pmid: 3992106

Summary: Polysomnography and neuropsychological tests administered to 41 nondemented male subjects (mean age, 69.5) indicated that impaired performance was associated with sleep-related respiratory disturbance. Such deficits could reflect deficits in vigilance or cortical insult resulting from nightly hypoxemia. Whether the degree of impairment observed here predicts more severe dementia will await longitudinal studies. Sleep-related respiratory disturbance, Aging, Hypoxemia, Sleep apnea This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Roehrs,, T.;Vogel,, G.;Vogel,, F.;Wittig,, R.;Zorick,, F.;Paxton,, C.;Lamphere,, J.;Roth,, T.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.34pmid: 3992107

Summary: Forty-eight patients complaining of insomnia were studied at two sleep laboratories using an identical protocol to evaluate hypnotic efficacy. All met the screening requirement of a mean sleep latency of 30 min or greater on 3 laboratory nights following an adaptation night. Of these patients 34 still complaining of insomnia were screened a second time 2 to 6 months later. Sixteen of the 34 failed the second screen. Sleep parameters for the 34 on screen 1 compared with screen 2 were the same except for sleep latency (the eligibility criteria), which was significantly shorter. There was no evidence of a systematic difference between laboratories, a change in procedure from screen 1 to 2, or a systematic loss of patients from screen 1 to 2. The data show that the statistical phenomenon of regression toward the mean must be considered in designing hypnotic efficacy studies. Eligibility requirements, Insomnia, Polysomnography, Regression toward the mean, Hypnotic trials This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Hofer, Myron, A.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.40pmid: 3992108

Summary: The role of arterial chemoreceptors in the maintenance of rhythmic respiration during sleep was investigated in 2-week.-old rats by microsurgical sectioning of carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve fibers (SAD) and later recording of respiratory pattern by impedance pneumography and sleep-wake states by electrophysiological methods. Deafferentation produced high rates of an atypical respiratory pattern characterized by episodes during which the usual pattern was replaced by an arrhythmic series of low amplitude waveforms with frequent short pauses and occasional gasps. These episodes lasted a mean of 20 s, occurred 15.1 times/h and were virtually confined to the REM state. Apneas occurred in all stages of sleep and were not increased by SAD but were significantly associated with state changes only after denervation. Body movements were unchanged and sleep-wake state organization was only minimally affected by SAD. These results suggest that the REM state may constitute a vulnerable period for respiratory control in infancy during which afferent feedback from peripheral arterial chemoreceptors may ordinarily playa stabilizing role. Apnea, Arterial chemoreceptors, Sleep-wake states, Infant rats, Sinoaortic denervation, Respiratory control This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

, van Luijtelaar, E. L. J. M.;Coenen, A. M., L.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.49pmid: 3992109

Summary: A series of experiments was conducted on the presumption that instrumental deprivation of paradoxical sleep (PS) has an effect comparable with that of antidepressant drug treatment in a behavioral paradigm, Porsolt's forced swim test. After long-term PS deprivation, we studied the duration of immobility, which can be markedly reduced by antidepressant drugs, using both the platform and the pendulum technique. In addition to a small common effect for PS deprivation, differences confirming the platform-pendulum controversy were also detected. Nonspecific platform effects are considered to explain these differences. In a second experiment it was shown that the small PS deprivation effect can be enlarged by desipramine treatment, suggesting similarities in the underlying mechanisms. In the third experiment, just before the end of the deprivation, phentolamine, a drug that blocks the rebound of PS, was administered. It reduced the effect of pendulum PS deprivation, suggesting that PS propensity is an important factor in the reduction of duration of immobility. Paradoxical sleep, Paradoxical sleep deprivation, Pendulum technique, Forced swimming test, Immobility, Desipramine, Phentolamine This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Petitjean,, F.;Buda,, C.;Janin,, M.;Sallanon,, M.;Jouvet, et, M.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.56pmid: N/A

Summary: Parachlorophenylalanine (PCP A) produces a total insomnia with a permanent discharge of pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) activity. We studied the reversibility of this insomnia in physiological slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) after 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) and serotonin (5HT) administration. Whereas D-5HTP (5 mg/kg) had no effect, parenteral injection of L- 5HTP (2.5 mg/kg) or DL-5HTP (5 mg/kg) immediately suppressed PGO activity, then gave rise to the return of SWS and PS with delays of 26 and 60 min, respectively. Intraventricular or intracisternal administration of 5HTP (250 to 1500/J-g) or 5HT produced physiological sleep with variable delays. If chloramphenicol (which selectively suppresses PS in normal cat) is administered in a PCPA-pretreated cat, 5HTP still suppressed PGO activity and gave rise to a lower amount of SWS but did not restore PS. Ihe results suggest that 5HTP is rapidly decarboxylated into 5HT in restoring the PGO gating effect. Ihus, 5HT would seem to act as a classic neurotransmitter. Ihe long latency for PS (and its suppression by chloramphenicol) suggests that 5HT would appear to be a neurohormone controlling another sleep-inducing factor. Sleep, Parachlorophenylalanine, Indolamine, Chloramphenicol This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Spinweber, Cheryl, L.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.68pmid: 3992110

Summary: In a 12-night study of the effects of I-tryptophan in poor sleepers, waking auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were obtained prior to lights-out on the 3rd placebo-baseline night and the 5th treatment night. Sleep latencies were significantly shorter on both AEP nights. The components of the AEP procedure may facilitate sleep onset by promoting relaxation and lowering psychophysiological arousal level in poor sleepers. Poor sleepers, Sleep latency, Auditory evoked potentials, Monotonous repetitive stimuli, Insomnia, Disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep This content is only available as a PDF. © 1985 Raven Press, New York

Norman, Susan, E.;Cohn, Martin, A.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/8.1.71pmid: 2986270

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