SLEEP

Riley,, Robert;Guilleminault,, Christian;Herran,, Juan;Powell,, Nelson

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.303pmid: 6665392

Summary Fifteen patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OS AS) and 10 controls were studied. Polygraphic monitoring during sleep confirmed the presence or absence of OSAS. Ten OSAS patients and five controls had cephalometric analysis and 12 OSAS patients and five controls had a flowvolume loop study during wakefulness. Seven OSAS patients were submitted to both analyses. Flow-volume loops were unable to detect extrathoracic airway obstruction in six out of 12 OSAS patients. One control was found with positive results. Six out of seven subjects with positive flow-volume loops were overweight (≥30% ideal weight). Cephalograms were very useful in demonstrating mandibular defIciencies in OSAS patients. The length of the soft palate and the position of the hyoid bone, together with the measurement of the posterior airway space, are criteria of great interest in OSAS patients. Cephalometric analysis is recommended in all OSAS patients scheduled for surgical procedure. None of these tests, however, whether alone or in combination, is capable of identifying all cases of OSAS. Cephalogram, Flow-volume loops, Sleep apnea, Hyoid bone, Imaging technique This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Lavie,, P.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.312pmid: N/A

Summary Seventy-eight workers, drawn from a population of 1502 presumably healthy working men who were interviewed about sleep habits and sleep disorders, underwent polygraphic recordings for at least 1 night. A significant association was found between the complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness and the incidence of sleep apnea. Workers with more than 10 apneas per hour of sleep complained significantly more about loud snoring, hypermotility in sleep, and frequent headaches. They had significantly more ENT findings and hypertension. Sleep apnea, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Nonpatient population, Hypertension A preliminary report of these results was presented at the First International Workshop on Epidemiology and Natural History of Sleep Disorders, Milano Marittima, May 1982. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Roehrs,, T.;Zorick,, F.;Sicklesteel,, J.;Wittig,, R.;Roth,, T.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.319pmid: 6665394

Summary Chronic insufficient sleep as an identifiable cause of excessive daytime sleepiness was investigated post hoc by comparing a series of patients with this diagnosis with patients with narcolepsy. Among the prominent features differentiating patients with insufficient sleep from patients with narcolepsy was the report, obtained on the sleep history, of a disparity between the reported amount of sleep obtained on weekdays versus weekends. On evaluation in the laboratory, patients with insufficient sleep showed atypically high sleep efficiency at night and a prolonged sleep time (longer than they report sleeping on a weekday night at home). Compared with patients with narcolepsy, they show a somewhat elevated percentage of stage 3–4 and REM sleep, although this is probably not higher than that of age-matched controls. On the Multiple Sleep Latency Test they displayed moderate sleepiness and no sleep onset REM periods. A mental status examination and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory did not suggest a primary psychiatric disorder. Daytime sleepiness, Chronic insufficient sleep, Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Narcolepsy This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Hauri, Peter, J.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.326pmid: 6665395

Summary Data from three consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory and data from psychological questionnaires and interviews were cluster-analyzed. A total of 89 physician-referred insomniacs were included, together with 10 good sleepers. The goal was to develop a purely empirical classification scheme of insomnia and to compare it with the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers' current nosology, which is based on clinical experience. The categories of chronic psychophysiologic insomnia and of childhood-onset insomnia were clearly identified in the cluster analysis. The insomnias associated with psychiatric disorders were split into five subgroups that made some intuitive sense, but did not mesh exactly with DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition, American Psychiatric Association) categories. Cluster analysis, Nosology, Insomnia, Childhood-onset, Psychophysiology This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Schneider-Helmert,, Dietrich

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.339pmid: 6665396

Summary The hypothesis that raising blood pressure (BP) during human sleep, by intravenous administration of angiotensin II, causes arousals was tested. BP was measured intraarterially during polygraphic sleep recordings. Twenty-seven intrasleep elevations of BP in two young adults over 2 nights were evaluated. The BP increases ranged from 16% to 74% of the preexperimental level for systolic BP and from 28% to 84% for diastolic BP. Eighty-one percent of all BP variations induced arousals, and the number of awakenings during elevated BP was 6.5 times higher than in control conditions. These results confirm the hypothesis that BP elevation is an internal stimulus inducing arousal reactions from sleep. The arousals were equally linked to the three phases of BP variation, i.e.; rise, peak, and fall in BP, indicating that BP variation functions as a stimulus lInit. Arousal thresholds varied with the different sleep stages. They were lowest in sleep stage 2, slightly higher in REM sleep, and highest in slow-wave sleep, in accordance with the thresholds for neutral external stimuli. The study demonstrates the relevance of BP when considering the physiological parameters of sleep-wake regulation. Manipulation of blood pressure, Internal stimulus, Sleep depth, Arousal thresholds This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Horne, J., A.;Anderson, N., R.;Wilkinson, R., T.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.347pmid: 6665397

Summary In an attempt to tease out the extent to which the performance decline during sleep deprivation might be due to a fall in the inherent capacity (d') of a subject, the parameters of the theory of signal detection were applied to auditory vigilance data obtained five times per 24 h during 60 h of continuous wakefulness. Eight subjects were exposed to both control and deprivation conditions in a balanced design. Oral temperature and self-assessed alertdrowsy reports were taken at three hourly intervals. The value of d' exhibited a significant stepwise decline during deprivation, falling sharply within the usual sleep period and levelling out during the daytime. Both temperature and self-assessment data exhibited clear circadian rhythms overlying the declines due to deprivation. The changes in d' were seen to be consistent with a brain “restitutive” role for sleep function. Sleep deprivation, Vigilance, Signal detection This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Naitoh,, Paul

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.359pmid: 6665398

Article PDF first page preview Close This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Haslam, D., R.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.362pmid: 6665399

Summary In order to examine the effect of a small amount of sleep following 3¾ days (90 h) of wakefulness, 10 infantry soldiers took part in a laboratorybased experiment. At the end of the vigil, a 2-h sleep was preceded and followed by a cognitive test session consisting of encoding and decoding. In order to simulate a realistic situation, subjects were not told the scheduled length of their vigil until a few hours before their 2-h sleep. Following the test-sleeptest period, 27 h were allowed for sleep and rest. Results indicated that after 3 nights without sleep, performance was, on the average, 55% of the control values. During the test session before the 2-h sleep, performance improved by 30%, to 85% of control values, indicating the considerable effect that incentive can have on even severely sleep-deprived subjects. The reserve mental capacity demonstrable during sleep deprivation indicates the caution that is needed if the effects of "undiluted" sleep loss are sought; it also emphasises once again the lack of knowledge concerning the function of sleep. Sleep deprivation, Incentive, Naps, Performance This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Goetz, Raymond R.; Goetz, Deborah M.; Hanlon, Cleo; Davies, Mark; Weitzman, Elliot D.; Puig-Antich, Joaquim

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.369pmid: 6665400

Summary In a previous publication, this group reported a dissociation between multiple sleep complaints and polysomnographic abnormalities in prepubertal major depressive children. Spindle activity has been thought by some to be a correlate of restorative sleep. On this basis, it was hypothesized that prepubertal depressives might exhibit differences in sleep spindle characteristics when compared with normal and psychiatric control groups, and with their former state during sustained recovery in a drug-free state. Further, it was thought that clinical complaints of disrupted sleep might be related to differences in spindle characteristics. Spindle frequency (Hz) was the only significant finding among the groups, but it was not specific to depressive disorder, since all psychiatric groups presented higher frequencies than did normal children. As expected, significant differences across halves of the sleep period time (SPT) were also found for the number of spindles, frequency (Hz), duration (ms), spindle density (rate), and the amount of stage 2 sleep (min). The presence or absence of sleep complaints had no bearing on spindle characteristics, thus indicating a lack of apparent relationship between the two. Upon recovery the depressives exhibited no changes across clinical state, and a cross-sectional comparison of the recovered data with the original control data gave results essentially identical to the first (active illness) comparisons. It is suggested that high spindle frequency may be a nonspecific correlate of emotional disorders in prepuberty, which, at least in depressives, does not change with clinical state. Spindle characteristics, Prepubertal depressive, Across clinical states Dr. E. D. Weitzman died after this work was completed. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York © 1983 Raven Press, New York

Samson-Dollfus,, D.;Nogues,, B.;Menard, J., F.;Bertoldi-Lefever,, I.;Geffroy,, D.

doi: 10.1093/sleep/6.4.376pmid: 6665401

Summary Automatic sleep EEG analysis was performed on infants from 2 to 11 months of age. Partial power spectra of δ, θ, α, and β1 bands were studied as function of sleep stages, age, and time of the night. β1 α, and δ power spectra are significantly lower in paradoxical sleep (PS) than in quiet sleep (QS) whatever the age; but theta is lower in PS than in QS only after 5 months of age. δ, θ, and α power increase with age in QS. Only δ and θ are greater in the first half of the night than in the second half. β1 power does not differ significantly in stages 2 and 3 of QS, during the course of the night or as a function of age. Thus δ, θ, α may be the best spectral parameters for the maturation of quiet sleep EEGs during the first year of life. Automatic analysis, Sleep EEG, Infants B. Nogues' present address is 32, rue du Lieutenant de Sesmaisons, 44300 Nantes, France. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1983 Raven Press, New York