Journal of Chemical Ecology

Moser, John; Browne, Lloyd

doi: 10.1007/BF00988254pmid: N/A

The bucket trap is a lightweight device for capturing southern pine beetles in flight and retaining them either alive or dead for later examination. It is not messy like the sticky trap and not cumbersome like conventional live traps. Placing the bucket against a vertical silhouette increases the number of beetles caught. Few nontarget insects are captured except for the cleridThanasimus dubius. When the trap was baited with Frontalure, about 99% of the beetles trapped were male. When infested pine bolts were used as bait, roughly equal numbers of males and females were captured.

Anderson, Roger; Katz, Alan; Anderson, M.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988255pmid: N/A

A method to rapidly screen species suspected of producing allelochemics, using results from simple bioassay tests, is presented. By measuring the osmotic potential ofH. mollis extracts and using mannitol solutions of comparable osmotic potential, the influence of osmotic potential in the bioassay was eliminated. Nested analysis of variance was used to examine the separate influences of (1) extract concentration, (2) source of plants used in extract preparation (edge or center of clones) (3) osmotic potential of the extract, and (4) the differential development of radicles and shoots of species used in the bioassay tests. Bioassay tests for allelopathy showed that extracts made of wholeH. mollis plants significantly inhibited both radicle and shoot development of radish and wheat, but only the radicle of little bluestem. There was a significant increase in the inhibition of radish shoots and wheat radicles at high concentration of the extract, but the radicle of little bluestem was inhibited more at the lower concentration. Extracts prepared from plants collected from the clone center inhibited radish radicle development significantly more than extracts made of plants growing at the clone edge.

Adams, Jack; Garcia, Alexander; Foote, Christopher

doi: 10.1007/BF00988256pmid: N/A

The temporal glands of African elephants were examined macroscopically and histologically, and were found to be modified apocrine sweat glands. The secretion from these glands was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and some of the major volatile components have been identified as phenol andm- andp-cresol.

Pomonis, J.; Fatland, C.; Nelson, D.; Zaylskie, R.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988257pmid: N/A

Standard mono- and dimethyl-branched hydrocarbons were synthesized from substituted thiophenes for the purpose of comparing their mass spectra to those of hydrocarbons isolated from the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta L. The mass spectra of the standard compounds confirmed the structures of the partially characterized natural products.

Tingle, F.; Mitchell, E.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988258pmid: N/A

Laminated plastic strips and polyethylene vials used for dispensing (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate attracted maleSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in similar numbers for comparable periods. Addition of an antioxidant to the pheromone dispensed from the polyethylene vials did not significantly increase the period of effectiveness. The laminated plastic strips were acceptable dispensers of pheromone bait for attractingS. frugiperda males to sticky traps in the field.

Blum, M.; Wallace, J.; Duffield, R.; Brand, J.; Fales, H.; Sokoloski, E.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988259pmid: N/A

Larvae of the chrysomelid beetleGastrophysa cyanea produce a defensive secretion in their eversible thoracic and abdominal glands that is an effective repellent for small predators such as fire ants. This secretion is composed primarily of chrysomelidial, 2-(2-formyl-3-methyl-2-cyclopentenyl)propanal, and a compound tentatively identified as its enol lactone. Adaptations that optimize the effectiveness of the larval defensive exudate are discussed.

Prokopy, Ronald; Ziegler, James; Wong, Tim

doi: 10.1007/BF00988260pmid: N/A

During ovipositor dragging on the fruit surface following egg laying in hawthorne fruit,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) females deposit an unidentified pheromone that deters repeated oviposition attempts in that fruit. The pheromone proved water soluble and, when collected and sprayed in aqueous solution onto uninfested fruits in laboratory cages, effectively deterred boring attempts byC. capitata females of wild origin for at least 6 days (termination of test). A laboratory population ofC. capitata cultured on artificial media for more than 200 generations deposited pheromone that proved equally as deterrent to wild fly oviposition as pheromone from wild flies. However, lab fly oviposition was not effectively deterred by the presence of pheromone. The ecological significance of the pheromone is discussed.

Pierce, H.; Vernon, R.; Borden, J.; Oehlschlager, A.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988261pmid: N/A

Volatile components ofAllium cepa L, trapped in and recovered from Porapak Q, were separated by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography. Fractions eliciting oviposition fromHylemya antiqua (Meigen) were analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and were found to contain saturated and unsaturated disulfides. Authentic samples of the identified components were obtained by synthesis and tested for oviposition response byH.antiqua. Three new attractants and oviposition stimulants forH. antiqua are methyl propyl disulfide,cis-propenyl propyl disulfide, andtrans-propenyl propyl disulfide. All were present in greater proportion in the volatiles from fresh onions than from stored onions. Dimethyl disulfide, methylcis-propenyl disulfide, and methyltrans-propenyl disulfide did not elicit significant oviposition fromH. antiqua.

Uebel, E.; Schwarz, Meyer; Menzer, R.; Miller, R.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988262pmid: N/A

Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from newly emerged male and femaleFannia pusio were nearly identical. By the time the flies were 1 day old, the chromatographic profiles for the sexes were different. Mature females contained more C31- and C33-hydrocarbons than the males. The double bonds of the female monoolefins were mostly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, but those of the males were predominantly at the ninth carbon. Most active in stimulating copulation by males were the unbranched monoolefins with 31 and 33 carbons from the females. When they were synthesized and tested, the most active compound was (Z)-11-hentriacontene.

Uebel, E.; Schwarz, Meyer; Miller, R.; Menzer, R.

doi: 10.1007/BF00988263pmid: N/A

The cuticular lipids of male and femaleFannia femoralis were similar for recently emerged insects but soon began to develop chromatographic patterns characteristic of each sex. Mature females contained more C31 and C33 monoolefin in the cuticular lipid than males. Also, the double bonds in the monoolefins of the female lipid were situated predominantly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, while most of those from the males were centrally located in the molecule or at the ninth carbon.