Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Kaufman, L; Sekhon, A S; Moledina, N; Jalbert, M; Pappagianis, D

doi: N/Apmid: 7751365

Comparative evaluation of commercial Premier EIA and microimmunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for Coccidioides immitis antibodies. L Kaufman , A S Sekhon , N Moledina , M Jalbert , and D Pappagianis Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ABSTRACT A total of 409 serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from human subjects with proven coccidioidomycosis, with other infections, or with no apparent illness were tested for antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by the Premier EIA (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio), which tests for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM responses to coccidioidal antigens, and by the conventional complement fixation (CF) or immunodiffusion (ID) assays for antibodies corresponding to those detected by the tube precipitin (TP) or CF tests. Of the 409 specimens, 47 were from persons with confirmed coccidioidomycosis and all were positive for C. immitis antibodies in IDCF tests and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for both IgG and IgM. The EIA for detecting both IgG and IgM antibodies proved to be sensitive for detecting coccidioidomycosis case sera positive by the IDCF, IDTP, and CF tests. Maximal sensitivity for diagnosing coccidioidomycosis is dependent upon detection of both IgG and IgM antibodies in the EIA. The EIA, however, was not absolutely specific, since some sera from patients with confirmed blastomycosis and some from patients with noncoccidioidal disease produced false-positive reactions. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 618-619 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kaufman, L. Articles by Pappagianis, D. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Kaufman, L. Articles by Pappagianis, D. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»

Magnarelli, L A; Denicola, A; Stafford, K C; Anderson, J F

doi: N/Apmid: 7751354

Borrelia burgdorferi in an urban environment: white-tailed deer with infected ticks and antibodies. L A Magnarelli , A Denicola , K C Stafford 3rd , and J F Anderson Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504, USA. ABSTRACT Ticks and blood samples were collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in forests located in an insular, urban area of Bridgeport, Conn., and in rural south central Connecticut during 1992 and 1993. Immature and adult Ixodes scapularis ticks were tested for Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining methods. Deer sera were analyzed for antibodies to this bacterium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infected ticks parasitized deer in Bridgeport from May through December; the prevalence of infection varied from 1.1% of 93 larvae to 28.1% of 114 adult females. The percentages of infected males (10.5% of 380 ticks) and females (13.7% of 328 ticks) were relatively lower in south central Connecticut. In antibody tests, the prevalence of seropositive specimens collected in Bridgeport (61% of 146 serum specimens) was more than twofold greater than that of specimens obtained in south central Connecticut (26.7% of 116 serum specimens). Foci for Lyme borreliosis can occur in forested, urban settings as well as in rural areas if there are ticks, rodents, birds, and large mammals present. Human exposure to ticks in such sites should be considered as a possible source of B. burgdorferi infection. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 541-544 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Magnarelli, L. A. Articles by Anderson, J. F. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Magnarelli, L. A. Articles by Anderson, J. F. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»

Schiffman, M H; Kiviat, N B; Burk, R D; Shah, K V; Daniel, R W; Lewis, R; Kuypers, J; Manos, M M; Scott, D R; Sherman, M E

doi: N/Apmid: 7751355

Accuracy and interlaboratory reliability of human papillomavirus DNA testing by hybrid capture. M H Schiffman , N B Kiviat , R D Burk , K V Shah , R W Daniel , R Lewis , J Kuypers , M M Manos , D R Scott , and M E Sherman Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ABSTRACT Epidemiologists and clinicians wishing to introduce human papillomavirus (HPV) testing into cervical cancer prevention programs need standardized, reliable, and accurate HPV DNA tests that can detect the full spectrum of pathogenic HPV types. The Hybrid Capture System assay from Digene (hybrid capture assay) is a nonradioactive kit designed to detect 14 HPV types in two groups: a mix of 9 high-risk types associated with anogenital cancer (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, and 56) and another group of 5 low-risk types associated with condyloma acuminatum (HPV types 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44). The assay yields quantitative data meant to reflect viral concentration. In a study of 199 cervical specimens from women with concurrent Pap smears, we assessed the reliability of the new assay by comparing the hybrid capture assay results from three laboratories. We assessed the accuracy of the hybrid capture assay in comparison with a reference standard of HPV DNA content (multiple testing by several methods in two reference laboratories). We also compared the hybrid capture assay results with the concurrent cytologic diagnoses on the basis of an independent review of each smear by five pathologists. Pairwise interlaboratory agreement rates on HPV positivity for either high-risk or low-risk types ranged from 87 to 94%, and kappa values ranged from 0.61 to 0.83. Among specimens positive for high-risk types (the most important clinical outcome), the interlaboratory correlations of the quantitative data ranged from 0.60 to 0.90. Test results from all three laboratories were strongly associated with those of the HPV DNA reference standard and with the concurrent cytopathologic diagnoses. The most common errors were sporadic, apparently false-positive results. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 545-550 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Schiffman, M. H. Articles by Sherman, M. E. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Schiffman, M. H. Articles by Sherman, M. E. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»

Eisen, D; Russell, EG; Tymms, M; Roper, EJ; Grayson, ML; Turnidge, J

doi: N/Apmid: 7751382

D Eisen, EG Russell, M Tymms, EJ Roper, ML Grayson and J Turnidge Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains with plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are increasingly frequent nosocomial pathogens. A major outbreak of clinical infections, mainly involving patients in the Newborn Services Unit with limited spread to adult patients, occurred at our hospital. This epidemic was investigated by typing the isolates phenotypically and with random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and plasmid analysis. Forty- eight isolates, consisting of 44 consecutive clinical isolates and 4 selected surveillance isolates, were studied. A single decamer primer was used for the RAPD, and this was effective in demonstrating that the majority of isolates (45 of 48) had the same profile. Three other isolates had different RAPD patterns identifying them as nonepidemic strains. Plasmids were extracted by alkaline lysis with Magic-miniprep kits from 10 isolates selected to represent the epidemic and nonepidemic strains. This method produced small (< 20-kb) plasmids; larger ESBL-carrying plasmids were not produced, but the small plasmids nonetheless allowed strain differentiation. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns alone were not reliable as strain indicators, since some isolates with the RAPD pattern characteristic of the epidemic strains did not express ESBL and therefore were susceptible to extended- spectrum cephalosporins. The investigation showed the predominance of a single epidemic strain that was transmitted between patients in the Newborn Services Unit. RAPD was the best of the methods used for detecting strain differences, and its speed and ability to type a wide variety of species suggest that it will be an increasingly useful molecular epidemiologic tool.

Bannerman, T L; Hancock, G A; Tenover, F C; Miller, J M

doi: N/Apmid: 7751356

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a replacement for bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus. T L Bannerman , G A Hancock , F C Tenover , and J M Miller National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ABSTRACT Bacteriophage typing (BT) (World Health Organization method) has been used at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for over 30 years to type isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Since studies have shown that BT patterns have poor reproducibility and because BT fails to type a high percentage (15 to 20%) of isolates, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has converted from using BT to using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for strain typing S. aureus. We compared the results of BT with results of PFGE for typing 300 isolates of S. aureus, including strains from several well-characterized outbreaks. Ninety-six isolates were BT group I, 19 were group II, 82 were group III, 7 were group V, and 96 were nontypeable. PFGE identified subgroups within each phage group and thus was more discriminating than BT, which identified no subgroups. PFGE was able to type all isolates and distinguish related from unrelated strains of S. aureus. Our modified, standardized PFGE methodology should enable typing laboratories to obtain rapid, reliable results in 3 to 4 days when starting with an isolated colony on agar media. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 551-555 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bannerman, T. L. Articles by Miller, J. M. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Bannerman, T. L. Articles by Miller, J. M. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»

Laing, FP; Ramotar, K; Read, RR; Alfieri, N; Kureishi, A; Henderson, EA; Louie, TJ

doi: N/Apmid: 7751349

FP Laing, K Ramotar, RR Read, N Alfieri, A Kureishi, EA Henderson and TJ Louie Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Between April 1992 and December 1993, 80 Xanthomonas maltophilia isolates were collected from 63 patients in three acute-care hospitals in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. On the basis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions, 48 patients had nosocomial and 15 had community-acquired X. maltophilia. Thirty-eight of the patients were colonized and 25 were infected. Sixty-four percent of patients who acquired X. maltophilia in the intensive care unit (ICU) became infected, whereas 32% of patients in a non-ICU setting became infected. ICU patients tended to be hospitalized for a shorter period of time than non-ICU patients before the onset of X. maltophilia infection. Regardless of being colonized or infected, all patients had debilitating conditions, with respiratory disease being the most common underlying illness (35%). Forty-two patients (88%) with hospital- acquired X. maltophilia received prior antibiotic therapy which included gentamicin, tobramycin, ceftazidime, piperacillin, and imipenem. Agar dilution MICs showed that patient isolates were resistant to these antimicrobial agents that patients had received. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SpeI-digested genomic DNA revealed that six epidemiologically linked patient isolates from the ICU of one acute-care hospital had identical DNA profiles. In contrast, isolates from patients from the other two hospitals had unique genotype profiles (n = 57) regardless of the presence or absence of an epidemiologic association. In these patients there was genetic evidence against the acquisition of a resident hospital clone. These results indicate that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis can resolve genotypically distinct strains of X. maltophilia and, consequently, is a useful tool for evaluating nosocomial infections caused by X. maltophilia.

Feucht, HH; Zollner, B; Polywka, S; Laufs, R

doi: N/Apmid: 7751366

HH Feucht, B Zollner, S Polywka and R Laufs Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Universitats- Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. The serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was analyzed by a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) with recombinant proteins encoded by the viral RNA isolated from our patients in Hamburg, Germany. The HCV RNA was amplified by PCR, and proteins encoded by the viral core and the NS3, NS4, and NS5 regions were expressed subsequently in Escherichia coli. The results obtained with our UKE RIBA were compared with the results of the Abbott HCV second-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Serum samples from 270 patients, which were sent to us on the suspicion of HCV hepatitis and which were negative for hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus antibodies, were examined. In 227 cases (84.1%), there were identical positive (204 cases, 75.6%) or negative (23 cases, 8.5%) results in both tests. In 32 cases (11.9%), the reactive Abbott second-generation HCV EIA results could not be confirmed by the UKE RIBA and the HCV PCR. In follow-up studies conducted over 1 year, these results did not change. In three cases (1.1%), the UKE RIBA presented a positive result while the Abbott second-generation HCV EIA was negative. All three cases were positive in the HCV PCR and showed seroconversion in an HCV EIA 4 to 6 weeks later. In addition, 33 patient serum samples were examined by UKE RIBA in parallel with the Ortho RIBA 2.0. In three cases (9.1%), a positive Ortho RIBA 2.0 result could not be confirmed by the UKE RIBA and the HCV PCR. All three patients were free of complaints. The UKE RIBA showed also a smaller number of indeterminate results (3.0%) than the Ortho RIBA 2.0 (24.2%). This comparison study demonstrates that the commercially available HCV antibody tests should be further improved.

Mukherjee, S; Casadevall, A

doi: N/Apmid: 7751394

Sensitivity of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide antigen is dependent on the isotypes of the capture and detection antibodies. S Mukherjee and A Casadevall Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. ABSTRACT Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG1 monoclonal antibody isotype switch variants to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide were used to study the sensitivity of a double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The most sensitive ELISA configurations used IgG1 monoclonal antibody absorbed on polystyrene plates or IgM immobilized with goat antisera for antigen capture. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 765-768 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mukherjee, S. Articles by Casadevall, A. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Mukherjee, S. Articles by Casadevall, A. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»

Magnarelli, LA; Denicola, A; Stafford, KC, 3rd; Anderson, JF

doi: N/Apmid: 7751354

LA Magnarelli, A Denicola, KC Stafford 3rd and JF Anderson Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504, USA. Ticks and blood samples were collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in forests located in an insular, urban area of Bridgeport, Conn., and in rural south central Connecticut during 1992 and 1993. Immature and adult Ixodes scapularis ticks were tested for Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining methods. Deer sera were analyzed for antibodies to this bacterium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infected ticks parasitized deer in Bridgeport from May through December; the prevalence of infection varied from 1.1% of 93 larvae to 28.1% of 114 adult females. The percentages of infected males (10.5% of 380 ticks) and females (13.7% of 328 ticks) were relatively lower in south central Connecticut. In antibody tests, the prevalence of seropositive specimens collected in Bridgeport (61% of 146 serum specimens) was more than twofold greater than that of specimens obtained in south central Connecticut (26.7% of 116 serum specimens). Foci for Lyme borreliosis can occur in forested, urban settings as well as in rural areas if there are ticks, rodents, birds, and large mammals present. Human exposure to ticks in such sites should be considered as a possible source of B. burgdorferi infection.

Voss, A; Pfaller, M A; Hollis, R J; Rhine-Chalberg, J; Doebbeling, B N

doi: N/Apmid: 7751360

Investigation of Candida albicans transmission in a surgical intensive care unit cluster by using genomic DNA typing methods. A Voss , M A Pfaller , R J Hollis , J Rhine-Chalberg , and B N Doebbeling Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA. ABSTRACT An apparent outbreak of serious Candida albicans infections (n = 6) occurred in a surgical intensive care unit over a 4-week period. Four patients developed C. albicans bloodstream infections. An additional patient developed catheter-related C. albicans infection; the sixth patient developed an infection of cerebrospinal fluid. C. albicans was isolated from the hands of five health care workers (17%) and the throat of one health care worker (3%) during the outbreak investigation. Karyotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA with BssHII of 23 C. albicans isolates from patients and the 6 health care worker isolates revealed 9 and 12 different patterns, respectively. Three of six patients appeared to be infected with the same C. albicans strain (two bloodstream infections and one cerebrospinal fluid infection). The hands of a health care worker were colonized with strain that appeared identical to an isolate from a patient prior to infection of the patient. However, restriction endonuclease analysis with SfiI found differences among the isolates determined to be identical by the other two methods. Karyotyping alone does not appear to be sufficient to differentiate between outbreak and control isolates. Restriction endonuclease analysis typing may be a more sensitive method than karyotyping alone in the investigation of a cluster of C. albicans infections. Furthermore, the use of more than one restriction enzyme may be necessary for optimal strain discrimination in restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA. CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article J. Clin. Microbiol. March 1995 vol. 33 no. 3 576-580 » Abstract PDF Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in ASM journals Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of JCM Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Voss, A. Articles by Doebbeling, B. N. Search for related content PubMed PubMed citation Articles by Voss, A. Articles by Doebbeling, B. N. Related Content Load related web page information Social Bookmarking CiteULike Connotea Delicious Digg Facebook Google+ Mendeley Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter What's this? current issue December 2011, volume 49, issue 12 Alert me to new issues of JCM About JCM Subscribers Authors Reviewers Advertisers Inquiries from the Press Permissions & Commercial Reprints ASM Journals Public Access Policy JCM RSS Feeds 1752 N Street N.W. • Washington DC 20036 202.737.3600 • 202.942.9355 fax • [email protected] Print ISSN: 0095-1137 Online ISSN: 1098-660X Copyright © 2011 by the American Society for Microbiology. For an alternate route to JCM .asm.org, visit: http://intl- JCM .asm.org | More Info»