Note on a mechanism of the distribution of wealthLandahl, H. D.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477339pmid: N/A
Abstract A population of individuals is considered to be characterized by a distribution of wealth which is the result of gain and loss from the outside as well as a result of exchange. The population is assumed to be uniform except for the variation in a parameter determining the manner of partition during exchange. The parameter is assumed to be normally distributed over the population. The resulting distribution of wealth is calculated for some special cases and it is found to be very asymmetric.
Outline of a probabilistic approach to animal sociology: IIIRapoport, Anatol
doi: 10.1007/BF02477340pmid: N/A
Abstract The probabilities of the emergence of the two kinds of social structure in a 3-bird flock (chain and cycle) are deduced under the assumption of certain biases acting on the social dynamics of the flock. In particular a bias against the reversal of peck order and a bias against encounters of individuals of disparate social rank are considered. Like-wise a distribution of an “inherent” fighting ability is considered which influences the outcomes of encounters. A functional relation is derived between the importance of this ability and the initial probability of a chain structure.
On the single event hypothesis in radiogeneticsOpatowski, I.;Christiansen, Alice M.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477341pmid: N/A
Abstract It is shown that the assumption of a cumulative action of many independent random events as the primary cause of induction of a mutation fits the experimental data at least equally as well as the single event hypothesis. The theory is illustrated on the existing data of X-ray induced lethals in the X-chromosome ofDrosophila. Possible shortcomings of the single event theory in connection with these experimental data and alternative ways of its modification are indicated.
Note on the glycolytic coefficientKarreman, George
doi: 10.1007/BF02477343pmid: N/A
Abstract The glycolytic coefficient of a cell is expressed as a function of the external concentrations of glucose, lactic acid and oxygen. It is shown that this function has a smallest value when the external concentration of glucose is zero and a certain inequality between the external concentrations of lactic acid and of oxygen is satisfied.
A note on Landahl's theory of psychophysical discriminationRashevsky, N.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477344pmid: N/A
Abstract In his theory of psychophysical discrimination H. D. Landahl assumes that because of the symmetry of the neural circuit considered the fluctuation of the difference of excitations at the two parallel connections is the same as if the fluctuations occurred only at either one of the connections. It is shown that if the excitation at both connections fluctuates independently according to a simple exponential probability function, the difference of excitation fluctuates according to a different probability function.
On the removal of air-borne droplets by the human respiratory tract: I. The lungLandahl, H. D.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477345pmid: N/A
Abstract Calculations as to the fate of air-borne particles in the respiratory tract are given in a paper by W. Findeisen (1935). It is the purpose of the present paper to extend and modify these calculations. The results obtained for total retention in the lungs are found to be in general agreement with published data (cf. Landahl and Herrmann, 1948). The calculated results also give information on the amounts deposited in various regions as well as the amounts retained in different fractions of expired air.
The steady state kinetics of some biological systems: III. Thermodynamic aspectsHearon, John Z.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477346pmid: N/A
Abstract Some thermodynamic aspects of steady systems are considered. The time rates of changes, “flux”, of various thermodynamic quantities are formulated. In particular the free energy flux in the steady state, the difference between the free energy flux in the steady and time dependent states and the change in free energy flux upon transition between steady states are discussed. Equations are derived which exhibit the formal similarities and differences between the free energy flux and the conventional free energy change. The temperature dependence of the steady state rate is examined and conditions for “mastery” by a single step discussed. A brief discussion of the role ofrate in the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions is given.
The steady state kinetics of some biological systems: IV. Thermodynamic aspectsHearon, John Z.
doi: 10.1007/BF02477347pmid: N/A
Abstract The investigation initiated in III is continued. The irreversible production of entropy and the rates of dissipation in diffusion fields and due to chemical reactions are discussed. The rates of change of free energy, entropy, etc. are indicated for type-systems of biological interest in which composition and reaction rates are a function of position. Some consequences of Onsager's generalization of Fick's Law are discussed in terms of maintenance of stationary, non-equilibrium concentration distributions, transport of a solute against a concentration gradient, and the dependence of these phenomena upon metabolism.