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doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170102pmid: N/A
Six‐person groups of male or female undergraduates played 12 trials of a simple coalition game that varied the sizes of the coalitions available to the players. Results indicated that the size of a player's smallest available coalition was inversely related to the player's outcomes. The most important outcome differences included effects of player position and interactions of position by trial block. The critical implications of these results for minimum power theory, Roth‐Shapley value, weighted probability model, bargaining theory, and equal excess model are discussed, and quantitative tests of these theories are also presented. Minor gender differences were obtained, and it is suggested that future research use both male and female subjects. A description of the bargaining process, based on the subjects' responses to a post‐session questionnaire and our observations, is given.
Caprara, G. V.; D'Imperio, G.; Gentilomo, A.; Mammucari, A.; Renzi, P.; Travaglia, G.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170103pmid: N/A
Two experiments have been conducted to investigate the aggression‐eliciting properties of an aggressive commercial. The first experiment investigated the influence of an aggressive commercial on subsequent delivery of shocks to a confederate by male or female subjects, in presence and in absence of previous instigation to aggress. The second experiment examined the heart rate modifications before, during and after exposure to the aggressive commercial. Twenty males and 20 females participated to each experiment. Findings justify the concern for the aggression‐eliciting properties of aggressive commercials.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170104pmid: N/A
Professional attitudes can be studied as expressed in the individual's opinions of conventional and more recent professional stereotypes. It was hypothesized that these opinions, together with their stability and change, depend mainly on the degree of professional identification, a higher degree of which inspires a more sew‐reliant and independent approach to professional work and thinking. The study was carried out with 58 young architects, exploring the differences between and changes in their images of the anticipated actual, empirical actual, and ideal architect. The results support the hypothesis concerning the role of professional identifcation and are in agreement with Tajfel's analysis of manifold social Junctions of stereotypes.
Nemeth, Charlan; Brilmayer, Alice G.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170105pmid: N/A
The bargaining and minority influence literatures offer contradictory theories for the efficacy of compromise for influence. Assuming that the relative merits of these two classes of theories lie in their concentration on the public versus the private aspect of influence, we predicted that consistency (without compromise) would be more effective for attitude change but that compromise would be more effective for public concessions. We further predicted that the timing or context of the compromise could change the meaning and the consequences of that strategy. In particular, compromise ‘at the last minute’ was assumed to be a negotiating tactic that fostered both public concessions and private attitude change. The predictions were generally confirmed.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170106pmid: N/A
The present experiment was concerned with the way in which the characteristics of the helper the task and the recipient affect the willingness to seek help. In line with past theory and research it was reasoned that seeking help would be most threatening when one needs help on an ego ‐ central task, and the helper is perceived as similar to oneself. Consequently, individuals were expected to seek least help under these conditions. Further it was expected that individuals who enjoy a high self esteem would be more sensitive to this self threat and seek less help under these self threatening conditions than would individuals who have a low self esteem. The experiment consisted of a 2 (similar versus dissimilar helper) times 2 (ego‐central versus non central task) times 2 (high versus low self esteem subjects) between subjects design. Subjects worked on a difficult anagram task, and their actual help seeking behaviour served as a dependent measure. The findings support the experimental hypotheses. The conceptual and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
Schwarz, Norbert; Strack, Fritz; Kommer, Detlev; Wagner, Dirk
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170107pmid: N/A
Two studies on the impact of temporary moods on judgments of satisfaction with life in general and with specific life‐domains are reported. It was hypothesized that individuals simplify the complex task of evaluating their life in general by referring to their mood at the time of judgment, but evaluate specific life‐domains on the basis of domain‐specific information. In accordance with this hypothesis, both studies demonstrated strong mood effects on judgments of general life‐satisfaction but only weak and non‐significant effects on judgments of specific domain‐satisfactions. The findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that affective states serve informative functions.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170108pmid: N/A
Subjects are required to estimate sociability as expressed in questionnaires supposedly completed by different individuals and make a prediction of conduct for each of these individuals. The results are compared to four models: three versions of the individual differences model (IDM) and a dialectical model. Two rudimentary versions of the IDM give the best approximations to results obtained, one for absolute value judgments of sociability, the other for conduct prediction. The conclusion is that the IDM does exist as a model in implicit psychology before becoming a model in learned psychology. The fact that such a model be preponderant in intuitive psychology in spite of its known inadequacies is discussed in terms of self‐fulfilling prophecy in the exercise of power.
Fincham, Frank D.; Hokoda, Audrey J.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170109pmid: N/A
Learned helplessness theory may provide a framework within which the correlates of sociometric status in children can be fruitfully investigated. Several parallels between learned helplessness and the characteristics of sociometric status groups are noted. It is argued that children who are rejected, and especially neglected, by peers are likely to manifest learned helplessness in social situations. In addition, reanalysis of Goetz and Dweck's (1980) study on learned helplessness in social situations provides data to support this viewpoint as: (a) rejected and neglected children resembled learned helpless children in regard to both attributions and behaviour following social rejection; (b) neglected children showed greater behavioural deterioration following rejection than rejected children. The implications of the proposed integration of research on learned helplessness and sociometric status are outlined, especially in relation to clinical disorders in children.
doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420170110pmid: N/A
This review examines recent books on altruism and prosocial behaviour. Psychological approaches, biological approaches, and economic approaches are covered. The list of variables known to influence prosocial behaviour includes situational determinants, motivational orientations, and personality variables. Psychological theories emphasizing norms, cost‐benefit calculations, and developmental factors have been used successfully to explain prosocial behaviour. Attention is given to models of helping and social and therapeutic treatment programmes. Genetic variables in prosocial behaviour are also reviewed.
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