Industrial Lubrication and Tribology

Bilsen Beşergil; M. Sabih Özer; Mustafa Eskici; Enver Atik

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881506pmid: N/A

Purpose – This paper aims to determine the usage time of the test lubricant N0, prepared from base oils of Aliaga Plant, Izmir, in gasoline and diesel‐engines, and the investigations of high‐temperature oxidation, engine‐protective properties, and property changes of the lubricant in performance time. Design/methodology/approach – Physical and chemical properties of the lubricating oil were initially established, and the oil was then subjected to Petter W‐1 gasoline and Petter AV‐1 diesel test engines. Dismantling of the engine parts was followed by the examination of pistons, piston rings and bearings, and analysis of the lubricant was also undertaken. The engine performance test results and the quality control of the lubricating oil assessments were evaluated according to the International Engine Lubricant Specifications. Findings – The lubricating oil, under sluggish experimental conditions, appears to meet a 40‐hour test in gasoline engines and a 120‐hour test in diesel engines with the specifications. This means that under usual working conditions the lubricants keep the engine protective properties in 7,000 km distance for gasoline run‐vehicles, and in 5,000 km distance for diesel run‐vehicles, after which change of the oil is required. Originality/value – The paper provides information of value to those involved with lubrication and engine performance.

J. Paulo Davim; Edgar Santos; Catarina Pereira; J.M.F. Ferreira

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881515pmid: N/A

Purpose – The paper aims to study the friction behaviour of alumina and zirconia against steel DIN‐Ck45K under water lubricated conditions. Design/methodology/approach – The tests were performed with a contact stress of 3.5 MPa and a constant sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s for 5.35 km of sliding distance, using a pin‐on‐disk tribometer. Findings – The friction coefficient and the energy dissipated in the contact were considered in this comparative study. The zirconia ceramic present less friction coefficient and contact temperature than alumina ceramic. The zirconia present about 70 per cent of the energy dissipated against when compared with the alumina. Abrasive scars of the surface ploughing were observed on every wear track for two pairs in contact. Research limitations/implications – This research used only one test condition. Originality/value – The paper describes the tribological conditions used and a new methodology based on the energy dissipated in the contact is proposed.

Hua Wu; X.Q. Zeng; T.H. Ren

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881524pmid: N/A

Purpose – The paper's aim is to study tribological performances of two 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives which are ashless and lacking in phosphorous as lubricating oil additives in HVIW H150 base oils. Design/methodology/approach – The two 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized; their tribological performances were evaluated with a four‐ball machine, and the worn surface was analyzed with a X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Findings – The two compounds possess good anti‐wear properties and excellent load‐carrying capacity. According to the XPS results, the additive reacted with counter‐face metal and generated a sulphur‐containing inorganic film consisting of FeS, FeS 2 and FeSO 4 , and a complex N‐containing resin polymer film. Research limitations/implications – Their antioxidant properties are not estimated, and their anti‐wear action mechanism need to be further explored. Practical implications – Two useful ashless AW lubricating oil additives were synthesized, and may be has potential as gas engine lubricating oil additives. Originality/value – This paper provides a study of some N, S‐containing heterocyclic compounds as lubricating oil additives.

Md Abdul Maleque; Md Rezaul Karim

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881533pmid: N/A

Purpose – The aim is to study the tribological behavior of dual particle size (DPS) and triple particle size (TPS) SiC reinforced aluminum alloy‐based metal matrix composites – MMCs (Al/SiC p MMC). Design/methodology/approach – Al‐MMCs with DPS and TPS of SiC were prepared using 20 wt% SiC and developed using stir‐casting process. The TPS composite consist of three different sizes of SiC and DPS composite consist of two different sizes of SiC. The tribological test was carried out using a pin‐on‐disc type tribo‐test machine under dry sliding condition. Findings – The TPS composite exhibited better wear resistance properties compared to DPS composite. It is anticipated that when a composite is integrated with small, intermediate and large SiC particle sizes (which is known as TPS) within the same composite could be an effective method of optimizing the wear resistance properties of the developed material. Practical implications – This study provides a way to enhance the tribological behavior of automotive tribo‐components such as brake rotor, piston, cylinder, etc. Originality/value – This investigation compares the tribological behavior of DPS and TPS SiC reinforced aluminum MMCs.

H. Unal; F. Findik

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881542pmid: N/A

Purpose – The present study aims to find out the best polymer/polymer pair in electrical insulating applications. Moreover, the effects of different polymer counterpart and applied load on the friction and wear behaviour of PA 46 + 30%GFR and unfilled PA 66 thermoplastic polymers are to be studied. Design/methodology/approach – Friction and wear tests vs PA 46 + 30%GFR and PPS + 30%GFR polymer composites were carried out on a pin‐on‐disc arrangement and at a dry sliding conditions. Tribological tests were performed at room temperature under 20, 40 and 60 N loads and at 0.5 m/s sliding speed. Findings – The results showed that, the coefficient of friction decreases with the increasing of load (up to 40 N) for PA 46 + 30%GFR composite and polyamide (PA) 66 polymer used in this study. However, above 40 N applied load the coefficient of friction increases. The specific wear rate for PA 46 + 30%GFR and PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart are about in the order of 10 −13 m 2 /N while the specific wear rate for PA 46 + 30%GFR and PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart are in the order of 10 −14 m 2 /N. For PA 46 + 30%GFR composite and unfilled PA 66 polymers tested the specific wear rate values increased with the increment of load. The highest specific wear rate is for unfilled PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR with a value of 2.81 × 10 −13 m 2 /N followed by PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR with a value of 2.26 × 10 −13 m 2 /N. The lowest wear rate is PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite against PA 46 + 30%GFR polymer composite counterpart with a value of 3.19 × 10 −14 m 2 /N. The average specific wear rates for unfilled PA 66 against PA 46 + 30%GFR is 80 times higher than PA 46 + 30%GFR wear rate while specific wear rates for unfilled PA 66 against PPS + 30%GFR is 100 times higher than that of PA 46 + 30%GFR wear rate. From point view of tribological performance, PA 46 + 30%GFR is a more suitable engineering thermoplastic composite materials for electrical contact breaker applications. Research limitations/implications – In the present work, tribological tests were performed only at room temperature under three different loads and a sliding speed. This is the limitation of the work. Practical implications – This work is easily used for industrial polyamides to check their tribological behaviours. Originality/value – This is an original and experimental study and it will be useful both for academicians and for industrial sides.

B. Sharma; O.P. Gandhi

doi: 10.1108/00368790810881551pmid: N/A

Purpose – The lubricating oil is a non‐renewable source of energy and its useful life is limited due to deterioration during its usage. It is desirable to maximize its use to conserve this scarce resource. At present, continuation or change of the engine oil is decided, based on the manufacturer's recommendation and experience. The suggested engine oil change period is conservative and results in non‐efficient usage of engine oil. This practice needs refinement to include all possible properties/attributes of engine oil and use of appropriate procedure to assess its realistic performance. The paper aims to analyze the procedure. Design/methodology/approach – Oil reliability polygraph is used to analyze the engine oil performance during operation. Reliability analysis of the engine oil is carried out by comparing the area of oil reliability polygraph at a given operation time with the area for the fresh engine oil. The suggested procedure is illustrated by means of an example. Findings – Physical and chemical properties responsible for performance degradation of the engine oil are considered as engine oil reliability attributes. The value of these attributes from time to time, obtained by analyzing samples drawn from the system, is analyzed through oil reliability polygraph. In this approach, the engine oil reliability attributes at a given operation time are represented in terms of reliability value to obtain the “oil reliability polygraph”. Originality/value – The suggested procedure will be helpful for maintenance personnel in taking planned maintenance action.