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doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139003pmid: N/A
Kinetic energy in middle and high latitudes, at levels above 20 km, increases throughout winter until the final warming, which supports the view that frictional dissipation is dynamically unimportant at these levels. A climatology of wave disturbances is presented for the years 1958‐61, little support being found for a special role for bipolarity in instability. Comments are made on the pronounced layer structure shown in the wind profiles and the regular ozone‐sonde records. It is suggested that the next stages of research in stratospheric meteorology should be directed towards the layer structure.
doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139006pmid: N/A
In order to improve the accuracy of the fundamental data required for calculations of the photo‐chemical production of ozone, the intensity of the solar ultraviolet light, λ ≈︁ 2100 Å, which penetrates to the lower stratosphere, has been measured with the sun directly overhead. The radiation was first detected at the 196 mb level where the flux was 2 × 108 photons cm−2 sec−1 and two of three ascents reached the 6 mb level where the flux was 1.2 × 1013 ph cm−2 sec−1. The results of calculations of the expected intensity at different levels are also presented and adjustments to the data used are found to be necessary in order to obtain agreement with the measurements.
doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139007pmid: N/A
When pure uniform ice specimens of different temperatures are brought into gentle contact for times ranging from 10−3 to 5.10−2 sec and are then separated, the charge transfer is a maximum for a contact time of about 7.5 × 10−3 sec and is in agreement with the equations of Latham and Mason (1961a). With ice of higher conductivity the maximum charge transfer occurs after smaller contact times.
Williams, G. P.; Davies, D. R.
doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139008pmid: N/A
Equations are constructed to represent quasi‐stationary mean flow of momentum and heat on a spherical earth, averaged over a long period of time such as a year and over latitude circles. The crucial shearing Reynolds stress associated with meridional transfer of zonal velocity is assumed to depend linearly on a product of the earth's angular velocity, Ω, and the meridional gradient of mean temperature; the shearing stresses associated with vertical transfer of zonal velocity and of meridional velocity are assumed to depend linearly on the vertical gradients of zonal and of meridional mean velocities respectively, and the mean eddy transfer of heat along a meridian is assumed to depend linearly on the mean meridional temperature gradient. All proportionality coefficients are taken to be independent of latitude. Two forms are assumed for the non‐adiabatic atmospheric heat source function, Q, used in the thermodynamic equation. In the first case Q is assumed known (from analyses of observations) as a function of height and latitude. In the second case, Q incorporates a heating term which is partly controlled by the model itself and represents some of the characteristics of sensible and latent heat transfer. A solution of the basic equations is obtained in both cases in the form of double expansions in powers of two parameters, one depending on Ω and the other on ΔT, the mean annual temperature difference between equator and pole. The solution is evaluated using Fourier techniques.
doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139009pmid: N/A
An attempt is made to obtain a coherent picture of the extent and mode of operation of the ‘southern oscillation.’ This term is used here, following Sir Gilbert Walker, to describe a standing fluctuation of opposed pressure anomalies in both eastern and western hemispheres. The existence of this opposition has been verified, using more recent data, for stations in the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions; results show the oscillation was less marked in recent decades.
doi: 10.1002/qj.49709139010pmid: N/A
An index is derived for the intensity of turbulence in a sloping baroclinic layer. Preliminary estimates of this index from ordinary meteorological information suggest that the index is proportional to turbulent energy and that it discriminates better between regions of varying intensity than vertical wind shear or Richardson number. An exact test, however, would require more detailed synoptic information than is usually available.
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