Agricultural Development in the United States, 1900–1910Coulter, J. L.
doi: 10.2307/1882668pmid: N/A
Summary The agricultural area largely occupied by 1900, 2. — Proportion of land under cultivation in 1900 and 1910, 3. — Proportion of improved land, 4. — How agriculture will expand in the twentieth century, 7. — Increase in value of farm property, 11. — Slight increase in quantity of farm produce, 12: — Large increase in value of crops, 13. — Increase of prices proved, 18. — The years 1899 and 1909 representative, 24. — Agriculture is not keeping pace with population, 25. 1 All of the statistics quoted have been made public in some form by the Bureau of the Census, either in the form of press notices or bulletins of the agricultural division. They will appear later in the Abstract of the Thirteenth Decennial Census and in the General Reports issued by the Census Bureau. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Ethical and Economic Elements in Public Service ValuationAllison, James E.
doi: 10.2307/1882669pmid: N/A
Summary A distinction between ethical value and economic value, 27. — Four theories of valuation for purposes of public regulation, 30. — I. Original Cost Theory. Its practicability, 31. — The problem how to deal with appreciation of land, 32. — II. Continuous Property, or “ Antigo,” Theory, 34. — Ethical and practical difficulties, 36. — III. Theory of Cost of Reproduction New, 37. — Cases illustrating its possible injustice, 38. — Practical difficulties, 39. — IV. Theory of Cost of Duplicating the Service, 41. — Cases illustrating its difficulties, 42. — No one of these theories fully satisfactory, 43. — Original Cost nearest approaches justice, 47. —; but is to be interpreted in terms of Efficient Sacrifice, 48. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Social DenmarkSchou, P.
doi: 10.2307/1882670pmid: N/A
Summary Economic characteristics of Denmark, 50. — Co-operation in retail trading, 52. — Trade Unions, 55. — Insurance against sickness, 58. — Unemployment insurance, 60. — Compensation in case of accident, 64. — Old age pensions, 64. — Problems still unsolved, 65. 1 This paper has been put at our disposal through the kindness of the Danish Legation at Washington. It is gladly published, in order to bring to the attention of American students the remarkable social development of Denmark. — Editors. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Specialization in the Woolen and Worsted IndustryWeld, L. D., H.
doi: 10.2307/1882671pmid: N/A
Summary The different kinds of specialization, 68. — The woolen and worsted processes described and compared, 69. — Relative growth of the woolen and worsted branches, and their geographical distribution, 70. — Census figures showing the degree of specialization in each branch, 72. — Discussion of these figures, 74. — The organization of the industry in the United States compared with that in England, 78. — In France, 81. — In Germany, 82. — The reasons assigned by Professor Clapham for greater specialization in the worsted than in the woolen branch, 84. — Worsted fabrics and yarns “standardized”; woolen fabrics and yarns of such varying character as to preclude standardization, 86. — Other reasons for greater specialization in the wrorsted branch, 88. — The reasons why wool-combing is not so highly specialized in the United States as in England, 90. — The tendency toward greater specialization in wool-combing, 94. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Fisher's Theory of Crises: A CriticismEngland, Minnie Throop
doi: 10.2307/1882672pmid: N/A
Summary The sequence of events leading up to a crisis, 95. — Interest as a factor in cost of production, 96. — A comparison of interest rates and commodity prices, 97. — Two-fold demand for loans causes rapid rise of interest, 98. — Increase in profits due to lagging behind of cost of production, 101. — Disappearance of profits due to increased cost of production, 102. — No automatic check to prosperity in rise of virtual interest rates, 104. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
The Origin of the National Customs-Revenue of EnglandGras, N. S. B.
doi: 10.2307/1882673pmid: N/A
Summary Importance and difficulty of the subject, 107. — I. Review of customs theories, 108. — A priori theories of customs origins, 108. — Prise theory of Mr. Hall, 110. — Purveyance, 113. — Prise of merchants' goods, 113. — Prise commutations, 117. — The customs of 1275, 118. — Later history of the prise, 121. — The chain of errors in the prise theory, 123. — II. Local customs, 123. — Custuma ville, 124. — Periods in the development of local customs, 125. — Medieval and modern local customs compared, 127. — Local customs not to be expanded into national customs, 128. — III. Semi-national customs, 1050–1275, 130. — Lastage, 130. — Scavage, 133. — Ancient wine custom, 134. — The prise of wines, 136. — Recta prisa, 137. — Decay of these dues, 142. — IV. The customs experiment of King John, 143. — The fifteenth, 143. — The Great Winchester Assize of Customs, 144. — Failure of King John's customs system, 146. — V. Conclusion, 147. — Classification of customs, local, semi-national, and national, 147. — Efforts to create a national system, 1275–1347, 147. — Great influence of the local upon the national system, 148. 1 It will be convenient to group at the outset the titles of the chief books most frequently cited hereafter, together with the abbreviations used: Hall, History of the Custom-Revenue in England (1885), — Hall, Custom-Revenue. Dowell, History of Taxation and Taxes in England (1888), — Dowell. Madox, History and Antiquities of the Exchequer (1711), — Madox. Bateson, A London Municipal Collection of the Reign of John, — Bateson, English Hist. Rev. Calendar of Charter Rolls, — Cal. Ch. R. Calendar of Close Rolls, — Cal. Cl. R. Calendar of Patent Rolls, — Cal. Pat. R. Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, — Rot. Lit. Pat. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, — Rot. Lit. Cl. Rotuli Chartarum, — Rot. Ch. The manuscript sources which I have consulted are as follows. At the Record Office in London: the Customs Accounts of the Exchequer, King's Remembrancer branch, cited as K. R. Customs; the Wardrobe Accounts, cited as K. R. Accounts; the Pipe Rolls; the Memoranda Rolls; and the Pipe Rolls of the Bishop of Winchester, cited as Ecclesistical Commission, Various. At the British Museum: various manuscript collections, especially the Harleian. About 20–25,000 Port Books (K. R. Port Books) were opened to the public early in the winter of 1911–12. By the courtesy of the Record Office officials, I was permitted to examine these documents even before they were made generally accessible. See my letter to the Athenæum, November 18, 1911, p. 625; and also my Memorandum on the Port Books and Coast Bonds in the Public Record Office, of December 12. 1911, privately circulated by the Royal Commission on Public Records. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Frankfort-on-the-Main: A Study in Prussian Communal FinanceYoungman, Anna
doi: 10.2307/1882674pmid: N/A
Summary Reasons for the selection of Frankfort-on-the-Main for special study, 160. — Important changes introduced by the Kommunalabgabengesetz, 153. — Provisions of the K. A. G. on the apportionment of the local tax burden among the several kinds of taxes, 155. — Restrictions placed upon the communities in the levying of general income taxes, 157. — The taxes on incomes from land, buildings, and trade, 158. — Rules on the disposition of the proceeds of the several taxes, 161. — The Prussian Income Tax, 163. — The general tax rate, 169. — The special tax of Frankfort, 170. — The introduction of taxes on real estate, based on market value, 173. — The Frankfort special tax on unimproved properties (Landsteuer), 174. — The house tax (Haussteuer), 176. — The super-tax, a survival of a tax on rentals, 176. — The Frankfort Wabrschaftsgeld, a combination of transfer tax and increment value tax, 178. — The imperial increment tax (Reichszuwachssteuer), 185. — Its non-adaptability to purposes of imperial taxation, 187. — The Prussian trade tax (Gewerbesteuer), 187. — The Frankfort special ordinance, 189. — The Betriebssteuer, 191. — The department-store tax (Warenhaussteuer), 193. — Other taxes, 195. — Percentages of the total tax returns contributed by the chief taxes, 196. — No special tax on incomes from capital investments, 197. — Fees and special assessments, 199. This content is only available as a PDF. Copyright, 1912–13, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
Books Receiveddoi: 10.1093/qje/27.1.208pmid: N/A
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