Psychometrika

Thurstone, L. L.

doi: 10.1007/bf02288876pmid: N/A

Abstract There are a number of methods of factoring the correlation matrix which require the calculation of a table of residual correlations after each factor has been extracted. This is perhaps the most laborious part of factoring. The method to be described here avoids the computation of residuals after each factor has been computed. Since the method turns on the selection of a set of constellations or clusters of test vectors, it will be calleda multiple group method of factoring. The method can be used for extracting one factor at a time if that is desired but it will be considered here for the more interesting case in which a number of constellations are selected from the correlation matrix at the start. The result of this method of factoring is a factor matrixF which satisfies the fundamental relationFF'=R.

Gulliksen, Harold

doi: 10.1007/bf02288877pmid: N/A

Abstract Under assumptions that will hold for the usual test situation, it is proved that test reliability and variance increase (a) as the average inter-item correlation increases, and (b) as the variance of the item difficulty distribution decreases. As the average item variance increases, the test variance will increase, but the test reliability will not be affected. (It is noted that as the average item variance increases, the average item difficulty approaches .50). In this development, no account is taken of the effect of chance success, or the possible effect on student attitude of different item difficulty distributions. In order to maximize the reliability and variance of a test, the items should have high intercorrelations, all items should be of the same difficulty level, and the level should be as near to 50% as possible.

Hall, D. M.;Welker, E. L.;Crawford, Isabelle

doi: 10.1007/bf02288878pmid: N/A

Abstract I.B.M. tabulating equipment can be of considerable help in reducing the time and increasing the accuracy of multiple factor analysis, even if used for only a part of the calculations. Once the plugboard is wired and those cards punched which are used over and over again, problems involving any number of variables can be handled with dispatch. The correlation matrix is listed, the totals verified, and the signs changed on the tabulator. Then the factors and the residual coefficients are calculated by means of a calculator. Tucker's procedure has been modified by using a calculator instead of a multiplying punch, by reducing the number of cards used, by simplifying checks on calculations, by simplifying plugboard wiring, and by preparing work sheets on tabulator paper. Extraction of factors from 24 variables at the rate of one in four hour's time seems to justify the use of the tabulating equipment on small problems.

Kaitz, Hyman B.

doi: 10.1007/bf02288879pmid: N/A

Abstract A formula for internal consistency reliability is developed within the framework of the analysis of variance. The test items are assumed to be homogeneous, but may have any weights. Data needed for computation are the student test scores, and the total number of items answered so as to have the same weight. It is shown that this formula reduces to the Kuder-Richardson (21) for item weights of one and zero. Some empirical validation is offered.

Johnson, Palmer O.;Tsao, Fei

doi: 10.1007/bf02288880pmid: N/A

Abstract This is the report of the application of the principles of factorial design to an investigation of individual educational development. The specific type of factorial design formulated was a 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 arrangement, that is, the effect of sex, grade location, scholastic standing, and individual order, singly and in all possible combinations was studied in relation to educational development as measured by theIowa Tests of Educational Development. An application of the covariance method was introduced which resulted in increased precision of this type of experimental design by significantly reducing experimental error. The two concomitant measures used to increase the sensitiveness of the experiment were initial status of individual development and mental age. Without these statistical controls all main effects and two first-order interactions would have been accepted as significant. With their use only sex (doubtful), scholastic standing, and individual order demonstrated significant effects. The chief beauty of the analysis of variance and covariance as an integral part of a self-contained experiment is demonstrated in the complete single analysis of the data. The statistical utilization of the experimental results has also been developed for purposes of estimation and prediction. The mathematical statistician is being continuously required to develop and analyze experimental designs of increasing complexity since the introduction of the analysis of variance and covariance. The mathematical formulation and solution of the problem of this investigation is carried out. The methods illustrated and explained in this study, and modifications and extensions of them are capable of very wide application. The general principles can be used to various degrees and in a number of ways.

Davis, Frederick B.

doi: 10.1007/bf02288881pmid: N/A