Vision without inversion of the retinal imageStratton, George M.
doi: 10.1037/h0075482pmid: N/A
Investigated adaptation in an inverted visual field. An eight day experiment was conducted on one S. When lenses inverting the visual field were not worn, the eyes were blind folded. The experience was carefully recorded everyday. Six days of the experiment are reported wherein from a feeling of abnormal position of the body, the S learnt to adjust to movement, localization of touch and sound.
Determinate evolutionBaldwin, J. Mark
doi: 10.1037/h0069538pmid: N/A
Reviews the 2 current doctrines of heredity, Natural Selection and use-inheritance or Lamarckism, and discusses their inherent criticisms. The author suggests that there is another influence at work: Organic Selection. This principle states that acquired characters, or modifications, or individual adaptations, i.e., Accommodations, while not directly inherited, are yet influential in determining the course of evolution indirectly. For such modifications and accommodations keep certain animals alive, in this way screen the variations which they represent from the action of natural selection, and so allow new variations in the same directions to arise in the next and following generations; while variations in other directions are not thus kept alive and so are lost. The species will therefore make progress in the same directions as those first marked out by the acquired modifications, and will gradually "pick up," by congenital variation, the same characters which were at first only individually acquired. This principle comes to mediate to a considerable degree between the two rival theories, since it goes far to meet the objections to both of them.
Professor Ladd and the president's addressFullerton, George Stuart
doi: 10.1037/h0069342pmid: N/A
Responds to comments by Professor Ladd on the author's address before the American Psychological Association. Ladd had 3 criticisms: (1) that the author misunderstands Wundt's position as to the nature and functions of the mind; (2) that he confounds Ladd's earlier and later books, and thus finds inconsistency where it does not exist; and (3) that the author unjustly places Ladd in the same category with Kant. The author focuses on the second criticism, in which Ladd states that he has been guilty of the 'quite indefensible misapprehension' of confounding his earlier and his later works, and thus of doing him a certain injustice.
Visceral disease and painPace, E. A.
doi: 10.1037/h0069515pmid: N/A
In a series of papers published between 1893 and 1896 (e.g., , Dr. Henry Head has treated "Disturbances of Sensation with Especial Reference to the Pain of Visceral Disease." The starting point of his investigation is the well-known fact that visceral disorders are frequently accompanied by cutaneous tenderness, the pain occasioned by organic disturbance being "referred" by the patient to an area on the surface of the body. Dr. Head has carefully mapped out these areas, designating in his first paper those which lie below the first dorsal segment, and in his second paper those which are found on the head and neck. His third paper deals, not with the topography of the areas, but with the pain caused by diseases of various organs. His report contains a vast amount of clinical evidence interspersed with theoretical considerations. This article reviews the research on visceral disease and cutaneous sensation, focusing on cases of Herpes Zoster.
Review of 'Analytic Psychology'Baldwin, J. Mark; Cattell, J. McKeen
doi: 10.1037/h0065409pmid: N/A
Reviews the book, "Analytic Psychology," by G. F. Stout (1896). The reviewer feels that this is the most important work in general psychology by a British author since Ward's Britannica article of a dozen years before. Just as the geologist acquires knowledge of the nature of geological changes by observation of the changes that are going on now, so for investigating the origin and growth of mental products, it seemed necessary first to analyze the developed consciousness and to study the laws of mental process in present experience. In pursuing this method, Mr. Stout avoids the infelicities of an 'evolution' of mental life on the basis of imaginary 'principles of psychology,' and succeeds in giving a strong impression of what our mental life really is and of the principles which actually govern it, at least in those forms of it here considered. The reviewer indicates that Stout elaborates his thought through all the intricacies of its movement with masterly freedom, sustained power, copious illustration and in the classic style. The book is extremely well written. Severely rigorous in analysis, fixing and defining the most subtly evanescent and baffling of phenomena, it rarely happens that the thought is not clearly expressed. It is one of the books that will live. It will take its place among the great works in the history of English psychology.
Review of 'Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations'Baldwin, J. Mark; Cattell, J. McKeen
doi: 10.1037/h0068800pmid: N/A
Reviews the book, Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations, by Ernst Mach . The reviewer suggests that, in the present condition of psychological literature in English an important translation is more of a contribution than any except the best of original work, and such a contribution has certainly been made by the translation of this book. Mach is convinced that the foundations of science as a whole and of physics in particular, await their next greatest elucidations from the side of biology and especially from the analysis of the sensations. The topics he covers include sensational monism, psycho-physic parallelism, spatial vision, time, and sensations of tone. The psychology of the acquisition of knowledge, of judgment, abstraction, concepts, natural laws, mathematical space and physical time are also briefly considered. The book is not one which the general reader will master easily in all its details, but as a book in which special students who have passed the stage of the textbooks and laboratory practice may make the acquaintance of some of the open questions of sensation, and, at the same time, take a lesson in the charm of scientific modesty and reasonableness, it can hardly be excelled.
Review of 'Consciousness and Biological Evolution (I, II.)'Baldwin, J. Mark; Cattell, J. McKeen
doi: 10.1037/h0064089pmid: N/A
Reviews four articles by H. R. Marshall: Consciousness and Biological Evolution--I and II, The Religious Instinct, and The Function of Religious Expression. The first two articles of this series, proceeding upon the assumption of a Spinozistic parallelism of the physiological and psychical, seek to set forth two correspondences, that of instinct to biological constancy and conservatism, and that of reason to biological variation in its highest aspect. The last two articles deal with the religious instinct and its expression as an example of biologic conservatism, the first article being a deduction of religious instinct as a necessary function to socialization, and the second article being an induction from the facts of seclusion, fastings, self-torture, initiation, prayer, sacrifice, celibacy and pilgrimage, as religious practices, that religion has actually exercised this function of restraint of individualism and promotion of sociality.
Review of 'Christianity and Idealism'Baldwin, J. Mark; Cattell, J. McKeen
doi: 10.1037/h0064616pmid: N/A
Reviews Christianity and Idealism, by John Watson (1897) and The Life of James McCosh, edited by William Milligan Sloane . Watson's book will be of special interest to philosophical readers as it discusses the relation of modern Idealism to the Christian ideal of life. The fundamental principle of idealism is expressed in the proposition, the real is rational. The book is written in the author's best style and it rests on the firm belief that the vitalest problems of philosophy are those of religion and that a philosophy which takes a negative attitude toward religion, or attempts to shirk its problems, proves recreant to its most pressing duty. The Life of James McCosh is mainly autobiographical, taken from notes written down by him during the last years of his life, and edited by W. M. Sloane. The record embraces the boyhood and youth of McCosh, his university career at Glasgow and Edinburgh, his experience as a minister during which he played his part in the memorable disruption and the establishment of the Free Kirk of Scotland, his career as a professor at Belfast and a leader in the national education of the Scotch and Irish, closing with a chapter which his twenty years at Princeton added to the educational history of that university and the country.
Review of 'Contemporary Theology and Theism'Baldwin, J. Mark; Cattell, J. McKeen
doi: 10.1037/h0066417pmid: N/A
Reviews the book, "Contemporary Theology and Theism," by R. M. Wenley (1897). The author's purpose may be said to embrace a threefold aim: to show the influence of philosophical theory upon current theological thought, to offer some criticism of the theology resulting from an inadequate philosophy overriding facts and warping their interpretation, and finally to ask whether theology can not in its turn add something to philosophy, and so contribute toward the formation of a more adequate philosophy of religion. The first half of the volume furnishes cogent illustration of the historical, as well as of the logical, inseparability of philosophy and theology. The latter half of the volume deals with "the theistic problem." The question is, "Can theology, accepting the metaphysical first principles which spiritual inquiry of necessity involves, so react upon philosophy as to produce a less inadequate solution of difficulties?" Professor Wenley answers, yes.