Reviews 45 studies on the general structure and functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), conducted between 1911 and 1914. The structure and function of the ANS can be explained in terms of J. N. Langley's nomenclature, which divides the autonomic nervous system into 4 components: sympathetic; sacral autonomic; cranial autonomic; and the enteric. The excitatory influence of emotions on the sympathetic nerves supplying the adrenal glands, and the subsequent widespread effects of the adrenal secretions, have been studied. Papers on the physiology of the stomach have contributed to the precision of the knowledge regarding the autonomic mechanisms involved in the sensation of hunger. Morphology of the ANS has also been dealt with.

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Episteme History and Technology Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences Notes and Records of the Royal Society Annals of Science Centaurus Nuncius / Istituto e museo di storia della scienza Library and Information History

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Cerebellum and brain-stem

Angier, Roswell P.

1915 Psychological Bulletin

doi: 10.1037/h0072504pmid: N/A

Reviews 14 studies, conducted on the cerebellum and the brain-stem, between 1913 and 1914. Studies on monkeys have shown that excision of the cortex of the lobus quadrangularis causes disturbance in the movements of the fore-leg of the same side. Similar disturbances of the corresponding hind-leg appear on cortical excision of the lobus semilunaris superior. Nicotine was found to act as a depressor of cerebellar function. Attempts were made to determine the parts of the central nervous system which must be intact, in order that the tonic reflexes, originating in neck and labyrinth of the musculature, may occur. The nervous mechanism concerned with the effects of muscular exercise on heart-rate, arterial pressure and changes in respiration, has also been investigated.

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Respiratory, circulatory and psychogalvanic phenomena

Sutherland, Arthur H.

1915 Psychological Bulletin

doi: 10.1037/h0072583pmid: N/A

Reviews 48 studies in the field of respiratory, circulatory and psychogalvanic phenomena, conducted between 1912 and 1914. Small amounts of carbon dioxide relax the vascular muscle, and if the muscle is in rhythmic movement when stimulated, the rhythmicity is abolished or depressed. Oxygen is essential to rhythmicity and the maintenance of tonus. Alveolar tension at high altitudes has been compared with that at sea level, and shows that the lowering of carbon dioxide pressure is in direct proportion to the diminution of barometric pressure. The barometric pressure for women is lower than that for men, both at high altitudes and at sea level. Clinical possibilities of the use of the galvanometer have been discussed. Several researchers have shown the differences which result from various electrodes, and compared the results obtained from the lower animals and man.

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The neurone

Ferris, H. B.

1915 Psychological Bulletin

doi: 10.1037/h0072983pmid: N/A

Reviews 17 studies conducted on the neuron, between 1912-1914. Most of the research has been devoted to determining the identity of the various morphological entities in the cell-body, and the relationship between them. The literature has been divided into: Nissl's granules; neurofibrils; the canalicular apparatus; and mitochondria. Nissil's granules were found to be made of a nucleic acid combination, and not of albumases. Claims have been made, that, Nissil's bodies are characteristically different in the various neurones. Neurofibrils were considered to be a supporting mechanism rather than a conducting one. The canacular apparatus was not peculiar to the neuron, but was found in many different cells of the body. Mitochondria has been regarded as a more general element of the cell, having a less specific function than the neurofibrils. Not much attention has been given to interneuronal relationship.

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