Psychological Bulletin

Sackett, L. W.

doi: 10.1037/h0074122pmid: N/A

Presents the manner of approach and sequence of topics as they exist in introductory text-books and in beginners' classes of psychology. The conventional rubrics have been employed but the data lack definiteness, since the familiar terminology has widely different connotations for different writers and teachers. Hence consideration has been taken to indicate the relative position in the text-book order. It has been acknowledged, however, that the illustrative materials may be so selected as to give a degree of unity and rationality to each of the orders of presentation in the text-books where no uniformity is apparent.

Bentley, Madison

doi: 10.1037/h0075995pmid: N/A

Reviews 11 publications in the area of sensations (1913-1914). Systematic attempts have been made to formulate the principles of mental integration and, define sensation. The study of "subjectivity' and "objectivity', revealed that the differentiating factors in the impression, which determine objectivity and subjectivity, were intensity, quality, duration, localization, and mode of appearance.

Holt, Edwin B.

doi: 10.1037/h0070453pmid: N/A

Reviews 29 studies on vision (1913-1914). J. Bernstein has presented a theory of color vision, based on phylogenetics; the theory is a revised form of Ewald Hering's theory. L. T. Troland has also presented a revision of Hering's general chemical theory of sensory response. Equations for the rise of sensitivity during the process of dark-adaptation, and for sensitivity in different stages of light-adaptation are given. Action-currents of the cephalopod eye under light-stimulation were studied. Most of the studies do not take into account, the periodic frequencies in the action-current. Hering's method of determining antagonistic colors was found to have a number of difficulties. C.E. Ferree found that for its highest efficiency, the eye requires a uniformly illuminated field of vision, and no extremes of surface brightness.

Hayes, Samuel P.

doi: 10.1037/h0073062pmid: N/A

Reviews 13 studies on color-defects in vision (1911-1913). One publication examines color defects, and deals with, the importance of color tests, normal color vision, the different types of color defect, and the best methods of testing and diagnosis. In testing of color defects, G. J. Burch has described a confusion-test, which is based upon the same principle as the Stilling test. H. Kollner examined the Ss, using the Nagel's Anomaloscope, and found that color defectives could be classified into 2 classes. Cases of congenital blue-yellow blindness with red-green weakness, and a case of color-blindness due to a trip upon a glacier, have been described.

Gamble, E. A. McC.

doi: 10.1037/h0070802pmid: N/A

Reviews 3 studies conducted in the area of taste and smell, in 1913. On the basis of observations and experiments, G. H. Parker and E. M. Stabler, conclude that certain fish give evidence of true smell-reactions. M. Ponzo has made a suggestive comparison of the results of histological and psychological investigation of the sense of taste. Ellwood Hendrick has made a plea for a greater popular interest in the study of the sense of smell.

Metcalf, John Trumbull

doi: 10.1037/h0071744pmid: N/A

Reviews 15 studies conducted in the area of cutaneous and kinesthetic senses, in 1914. V. Frey's study is a valuable supplement to the work done on cutaneous sensibility of areas supplied by nerves, which have been severed and are undergoing regeneration. No evidence was found for a deep-lying sensitivity to pressure. Studies indicate that pain receptors lie nearest to the surface, those for cold come next, and those for warmth and pressure lie deepest. Two histological studies of cutaneous sense organs have been published by A. Stefanelli and L. Cohn. In an attempt to revise E. Hering's theory, L. T. Troland has made a theoretical study of the metabolism of sensory response. Studies have been done to demonstrate heat sensations, strength sense, and discover the basis of the perception of movements of the whole body in a straight line.

Boring, Edwin G.

doi: 10.1037/h0073764pmid: N/A

Reviews 14 studies conducted in the area of organic sensations between 1908 and 1913. E. Meumann has stated the problem of organic sensations and replied to E. Becher's contention that sensations, apparently stomachic, are mediated by the body-wall. Work on the alimentary canal has indicated that the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal is sensitive to tactual stimulation. A concomitance of the sensation of hunger with strong contractions of the stomach, which is believed to be the cause of hunger, has been established. Concludes that no attempt was made to establish a specific quality of hunger, which contains elements of kinesthetic sensation as well as that of pain.

Langfeld, Herbert Sidney

doi: 10.1037/h0074351pmid: N/A

Reviews 6 studies in the area of synaesthesia, conducted between 1912 and 1914. Cases of chromesthesia have been presented, which indicate that the Ss are more "alive' to the color components, than to the tonal components. Also, when tones which corresponded to the complementary colors, are struck together, a gray effect is produced. Cases of synesthesia report that synesthesia is irreversible. E. Bleuler has written a theoretical discussion on synesthesia, focusing on the defense of the physiological theory, as against a theory of accidental association.

Johnson, H. M.

doi: 10.1037/h0073587pmid: N/A

Discusses the use of filters in color-experiments. If color-filters are used with sources giving a continuous spectrum, it is possible to produce a high illumination on a fairly large surface. But, the range of wavelengths sensibly transmitted is quite wide, with considerable intensity in other regions, than the one whose selection is desired. The saturation of the stimuli thus prepared is much less than that of those prepared with a spectrometer system, and for many purposes color-filters with such a source are useless. Concludes that since monochromatic stimuli of high intensity and saturation are easily preparable in all parts of the visible spectrum, there seems little need of further use of less satisfactory stimuli such as, colored papers and filters which with the given light source transmit a wide range of wave-lengths.