Plant Physiology

Williamson, Richard E.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.631pmid: 16665084

Abstract Organelle movements involving microtubules and actin filaments are a conspicuous and important feature of many plant cells. Movements have recently been supported in preparations of demembranated cytoplasm and reconstituted from purified proteins. The favored mechanism involves organelles carrying a force-generating ATPase moving along a track provided by either actin filaments or microtubules. Cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration regulates at least some organelle movements. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Wells, Randy; Meredith, William R.; Williford, J. Ray

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.635pmid: 16665085

Abstract A 2-year study was conducted to determine the relationships between plant canopy photosynthesis, canopy light interception, and plant productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) exhibiting differing leaf morphologies. The near-isogenic lines were from a single background (MD 65-11) and represented the leaf shapes Normal (small leaf lobing), Sub-Okra (intermediate leaf lobing), Okra (large leaf lobing), and Super Okra (severe leaf lobing). The F1 of a cross Normal × Okra (intermediate leaf lobing) and the F2 (segregating 1:2:1 for Normal Sub-Okra, and Okra, respectively) were also grown. Reduced plant canopies were produced by Okra and Super Okra lines, which translated into increased light penetration to the ground, and hence, in reduced canopy photosynthesis. Integrated canopy photosynthesis (ICAP) was significantly associated with light interception by the plant canopy. Part of the remaining variability in ICAP was associated with confounding factors associated with plant maturity and other unmeasured genotypic factors. Intermediate (F1 and Sub-Okra) and normal leaf types displayed the largest ICAP values in both years. Lint production was positively related to ICAP (R2 = 0.53). The combination of high ICAP values and competitive lint yields indicate that intermediate lobed leaf morphologies offer promise as productive sources of physiological variation for cotton germplasm development. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Weinstein, Leonard H.; Kaur-Sawhney, Ravindar; Rajam, M. Venkat; Wettlaufer, Scott H.; Galston, Arthur W.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.641pmid: 11539091

Abstract The effects of Cd2+ on putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) titers were studied in oat and bean leaves. Treatment with Cd2+ for up to 16 hours in the light or dark resulted in a large increase in Put titer, but had little or no effect on Spd or Spm. The activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) followed the pattern of Put accumulation, and experiments with α-difluoromethylarginine established that ADC was the enzyme responsible for Put increase. Concentrations of Cd2+ as low as 10 micromolar increased Put titer in oat segments. In bean leaves, there was a Cd2+-induced accumulation of Put in the free and soluble conjugated fractions, but not in the insoluble fraction. This suggests a rapid exchange between Put that exists in the free form and Put found in acid soluble conjugated forms. It is concluded that Cd2+ can act like certain other stresses (K+ and Mg2+ deficiency, excess NH4+, low pH, salinity, osmotic stress, wilting) to induce substantial increases in Put in plant cells. 2 Present address: Botany Department, Kakatiya University, Warangal 506009, India. 1 Supported by grants to A. W. Galston from National Institutes of Health and BARD (U.S.-Israel Binational Research and Development Fund). This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Tel-Or, Elisha; Spath, Susan; Packer, Lester; Mehlhorn, Rolf J.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.646pmid: 11539092

Abstract Carbon turnover in response to abrupt changes in salinity, including the mobilization of glycogen for use in osmoregulation was studied with pulse-chase strategies utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-silent and NMR-detectable 12C and 13C isotopes, respectively. Growth of Agmenellum quadruplicatum in 30%-enriched13C bicarbonate provided sufficient NMR-detectability of intracellular organic osmoregulants for these studies. A comparison of NMR spectra of intact cells and their ethanol extracts showed that the intact cell data were suitable for quantitative work, and, when combined with ESR measurements of cell volumes, yielded intracellular glucosylglycerol concentrations without disrupting the cells. NMR pulse-chase experiments were used to show that 13C-enriched glycogen, which had previously been accumulated by the cells under nitrogen-limited growth at low salinities, could be utilized for the synthesis of glucosylglycerol when the cells were abruptly transferred to hypersaline media, but only in the light. It was also shown that the accumulation of glucosylglycerol in the light occurred on a time scale similar to that of cell doubling. Depletion of glucosylglycerol when cells abruptly transferred to lower salinities appeared to be rapid—the intracellular pool of this osmoregulant was decreased 2-fold within 2 hours of hypotonic shock. 2 Permanent address: Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. 1 Supported by National Institutes of Health (AG-04818) through the Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by the Department of Energy (grant DE-AT03-80-ER10637). This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Taylor, George E.; Gunderson, Carla A.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.653pmid: 16665086

Abstract The responsiveness to ethylene of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water vapor in intact plants was investigated in 13 herbaceous species representing seven plant families. Exposures were conducted in an open, whole-plant exposure system providing controlled levels of irradiance, air temperature, CO2, relative humidity, and ethylene concentration. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water vapor in units of moles per square meter per second were measured on recently expanded leaves in control and ethylene-treated plants using a remotely operated single-leaf cuvette. The ethylene concentration was either 0 or 210 micromoles per cubic meter and was maintained for 4 hours. Species varied substantially in the response of their foliar gas exchange to ethylene. In 7 of the 13 species, net photosynthesis was inhibited statistically by 4 hours of ethylene exposure. As a function of the rate in control plants, the responses were most pronounced and statistically significant in Arachis hypogaea (−51.1%), Gossypium hirsutum (−31.7%), Glycine max (−24.8%), Cucurbita pepo (−20.4%), Phaseolus vulgaris (−18.4%), Setaria viridis (−17.5%), and Raphanus sativus (−4.4%). Whereas the responsiveness of net photosynthesis to ethylene among the 13 species showed no specific taxonomic associations, the responsiveness was positively correlated with the intrinsic rate of net photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance to water vapor after 4 hours of ethylene exposure declined statistically in 6 of the 13 species. As a function of control rates, the most marked and statistically significant responses of stomatal conductance were in Glycine max (−53.6%), Gossypium hirsutum (−51.2%), Arachis hypogaea (−42.7%), Phaseolus vulgaris (−38.6%), Raphanus sativus (−26.8%), and Solanum tuberosum (−23.4%). Although ethylene-induced changes in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were positively correlated, there were species-specific exceptions in which net photosynthesis declined after 4 hours of exposure without a concurrent change in stomatal conductance, stomatal conductance declined without a change in net photosynthesis, and the decline in stomatal conductance substantially exceeded the corresponding decline in net photosynthesis. Thus, the responsiveness to ethylene of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water vapor were not consistently synchronous or equivalent among the 13 species. It is concluded that foliar gas exchange is responsive to exogenously applied ethylene in many plant species. The sensitivity of foliar gas exchange to ethylene may play a role in general plant response to environmental stress in which one of the physiological sites of action for endogenously produced stress ethylene in the leaf is the plant's photosynthetic capacity and/or stomatal conductance to water vapor. 1 Research sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental Research, United States Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Publication No. 2796, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Hoffman, Neil E.; Bent, Andrew F.; Hanson, Andrew D.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.658pmid: 16665087

Abstract Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in attached roots of barley and other cereals increased up to 20-fold during several days of severe hypoxia, reaching a maximum of about 2 micromoles per minute per gram fresh weight. In barley, induction of LDH activity was significant at 2.6% O2 and greatest at 0.06%, the lowest O2 concentration tested. Upon return to aerobic conditions, induced LDH activity declined with an apparent half-life of 2 days. The isozyme profile of barley LDH comprised 5 bands, consistent with a tetrameric enzyme with subunits encoded by two different Ldh genes. Changes in staining intensity of the isozymes as a function of O2 level suggested that one Ldh gene was preferentially expressed in severe hypoxia. When tracer [U-14C]glucose was supplied to induced roots under hypoxic conditions, lactate acquired label, but much less than either ethanol or alanine. Most of the [14C] lactate was secreted into the medium, whereas most other labeled anionic products were retained in the root. Neither hypoxic induction of LDH, nor lactate secretion by induced roots, is predicted from the Davies-Roberts hypothesis, which holds that lactate glycolysis ceases soon after the onset of hypoxia due to acidosis brought about by lactate accumulation in the cytoplasm. These results imply a functional significance for LDH beyond that assigned it in this hypothesis. 2 Present address: Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021. 1 Research conducted under contract DE-ACO2-76ERO-1338 from the United States Department of Energy. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article 11914. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Hoffman, Neil E.; Hanson, Andrew D.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.664pmid: 16665088

Abstract Using Affigel Blue and oxamate-agarose affinity chromatography, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was purified 2000-fold from hypoxically induced barley roots. Molecular weights of the native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured LDH protein were 157 and 40 kilodaltons, respectively, indicating a tetramer. Purified barley LDH was very similar in size and kinetic properties to potato LDH. However, their amino acid compositions differed substantially and antibodies raised against barley LDH did not cross-react with potato LDH on immunoblots, implying that the barley and potato LDHs are not closely related proteins. In vivo [35S] methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that hypoxia increased the rate of LDH protein synthesis, and immunoblot analysis showed that LDH protein levels rose during hypoxia. We conclude that increased enzyme synthesis plays a major part in the induction of LDH enzyme activity by low O2 levels in barley roots. 2 Present address: Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021. 1 Research conducted under contract DE-AC02-76ERO-1338 from the United States Department of Energy. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Journal Article 11915. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Hills, Matthew J.; Beevers, Harry

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.671pmid: 16665089

Abstract Lipid body membranes purified from castor seed endosperm of dry seeds and 4 d old seedlings were found to have an ATPase activity associated with them. This was confirmed by equilibrium density centrifugation of the membranes using acid lipase as a marker enzyme. The specific activity ranged from 45 to 200 nanomoles per milligram protein per minute. The pH optimum was 9.0 but at pH 7.5 nearly 40% of the maximum activity was retained. The apparent K m for Mg-ATP was 0.5 millimolar. A divalent cation was required for activity and Mg2+ was the most effective. Other nucleoside triphosphates were also hydrolyzed but there was no hydrolysis of pyrophosphate or p-nitrophenylphosphate. The ATPase was not inhibited by oligomycin, vanadate, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or molybdate but was inhibited by sodium azide. Washing the membranes with increasing concentrations of NaCl removed up to 60% of the ATPase activity but none was removed by 3 millimolar ethylene-diaminetetraacetate. 1 Supported by Grant PCM 84-03542 from the United States National Science Foundation. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Rufty, Thomas W.; Thomas, Judith F.; Remmler, Jill L.; Campbell, Wilber H.; Volk, Richard J.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.675pmid: 16665090

Abstract Experiments were conducted with segments of corn roots to investigate whether nitrate reductase (NR) is compartmentalized in particular groups of cells that collectively form the root symplastic pathway. A microsurgical technique was used to separate cells of the epidermis, of the cortex, and of the stele. The presence of NR was determined using in vitro and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In roots exposed to 0.2 millimolar NO3− for 20 hours, NR was detected almost exclusively in epidermal cells, even though substantial amounts of NO3− likely were being transported through cortical and steler cells during transit to the vascular system. Although NR was present in all cell groups of roots exposed to 20.0 millimolar NO3−, the majority of the NR still was contained in epidermal cells. The results are consistent with previous observations indicating that limited reduction of endogenous NO3− occurs during uptake and reduction of exogenous NO3−. Several mechanisms are advanced to account for the restricted capacity of cortical and stelar cells to induce NR and reduce NO3−. It is postulated that (a) the biochemical system involved in the induction of NR in the cortex and stele is relatively insensitive to the presence of NO3−, (b) the receptor for the NR induction response and the NR protein are associated with cell plasmalemmae and little NO3− is taken up by cells of the cortex and stele, and/or (c) NO3− is compartmentalized during transport through the symplasm, which limits exposure for induction of NR and NO3− reduction. 1 Cooperative investigation of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Oxford, NC 27565, and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695. Paper number 10435 in the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC. Research was partially supported by grants to W. H. C. from the National Science Foundation (DMB 85-02672) and United States Department of Agriculture, Competitive Grants Office (83 CRCR11289 and 85 CRCR11681). This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Datta, Neeraj; Hardison, Linda K.; Roux, Stanley J.

doi: 10.1104/pp.82.3.681pmid: 16665091

Abstract The phosphorylation of several proteins in isolated nuclei from Pisum sativum L. was stimulated by spermine. Although spermine increased the general protein phosphorylation by 10 to 20%, it increased the phosphorylation of a 47 kilodalton polypeptide by 150%. By comparison other polyamines, spermidine, putrescine, and cadavarine had far less effect on the phosphorylation of the 47 kilodalton or any other polypeptide. Sodium fluoride was able to inhibit the phosphorylation of the 47 kilodalton polypeptide in the control, implying the participation of protein phosphatase(s) in the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins. Spermine stimulated the phosphorylation of the 47 kilodalton polypeptide over the controls, even in the presence of NaF. This result indicates that spermine probably activates a nuclear kinase, a conclusion supported also by thiophosphorylation data. The inability of ethyleneglycol-bis (β-amino-ethyl ether)-N, N′-tetraacetic acid and Compound 48/80, a calmodulin antagonist, to inhibit this spermine stimulated phosphorylation renders improbable any role of calcium and calmodulin in mediating this response. 1 This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant PCM 8402526. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 American Society of Plant Biologists This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)