Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

LISCI,, MARCELLO;PACINI,, ETTORE

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01927.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Abiotic and biotic factors and their effects on germination of fig drupelets were studied. The drupelets germinated between 10°C and 30°C.Constant humidity was necessary for germination and frequent drying out of the substrate was unfavourable. Total darkness for the whole duration of the experiments had a slighly negative effect on germination. The fastest germination occurred at constant humidity and an alternating temperature of 20/30°C with exposure to light for 8 hours (at the higher temperature) and to darkness for 16 hours (at the lower temperature).Natural or artificial removal of drupelets from the syconium guaranteed a high germination percentage, whereas no germination occurred in drupelets left inside the syconium. Hence birds and mammals act as dispersal agents and mediators of germination. As they eat pieces of fig syconium, they free the drupelets from the flesh, eliminating the effect of inhibitors and/or microenvironments with high osmotic pressure inside the syconium. These findings support the hypothesis that germination occurs in autumn or spring depending on the climatic zone in which the species grows. Abiotic and biotic factors, dispersal agents, Moraceae, syconium ripening REFERENCES Barnea A. , Yom-Tov Y., Friedman J 1990 . Differential germination of two closely related species of Solanum in response to bird ingestion . Oikos 57 : 222 – 228 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Barnea A. , Yom-Tov Y., Friedman J 1991 . Does ingestion by birds affect seed germination Functional Ecology 5 : 394 – 402 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Barnea A. , Yom-Tov Y., Friedman J 1992 . Effect of frugivorous birds on seed dispersal and germination of multi-seeded fruits . Acta Oecologica 13 ( 2 ): 209 – 219 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Bewley JD , Black M 1985 . Seeds . Physiology of development and germination . New York and London : Plenum Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Chessa I. , ĎAquino S., Cossu A., Mannu L 1992 . Epicuticular wax structure and accumulation on main-crop fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) during development . Advances in Horticultural Science 6 : 47 – 54 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Debussche M 1985 . Role des oiseaux disseminateurs dans la germination des graines de plantes a fruits charnus en region mediterraneenne . Acta OecologicajOecologia Plantarum 6 : 365 – 374 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Debussche M. , Cortex J., Rimbault I 1987 . Variation in fleshy fruit composition in the Mediterranean region: the importance of ripening season, life-form, fruit type and geographical distribution . Oikos 49 : 244 – 252 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Debussche M. , Isenmann P 1989 . Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed disperser in a Mediterranean region . Oikos 56 : 327 – 338 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat De Candolle A 1883 . Ľorigine delle piante coltivate . Milano : Fratelli Dumolard . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Eheart JF , Mason BS 1967 . Sugar and acid in the edible portion of fruits . Journal of American Dietetic Association 50 ( 2 ): 130 – 132 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Estrada A. , Fleming TH (eds), 1986 . Frugivores and seed dispersal . Boston : W. Junk . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Evanari M 1949 . Germination inhibitors . Botanical Review 15 : 153 – 194 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Galil J 1977 . Fig biology . Endeavour 1 : 52 – 56 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Galil J. , Neeman G 1977 . Pollen transfer and pollination in the common fig (Ficus carica L.) . New Phytohgist 79 : 163 – 171 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Galil J. , Meiri L 1981 . Drupelet germination in Ficus religiosa h . Israel Journal of Botany 30 : 41 – 47 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Golubev VN , Pilipenko LN, Kakhnishvili TA 1986 . Fractionation and composition of Ficus carica carbohydrates . Khimiia Prirodnykh Soedinenii 6 : 673 – 677 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Herrara CM 1982 . Seasonal variation in the quality of fruits and diffuse coevolution between plants and avian dispersers . Ecology 63 : 773 – 785 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Herrera CM 1994 . Adaptation to frugivory of Mediterranean avian seed dispersers . Ecology 65 : 609 – 617 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Herrera CM 1985 . Determinants of plant-animal coevolution: the case of mutualistic dispersal of seeds by vertebrates . Oikos 44 : 132 – 141 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Howe HF 1986 . Seed dispersal by fruit-eating birds and mammals . In: Murray DR ed. Seed dispersal . New York : Academic Press , 123 – 190 .(I8TA). Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC International Seed Testing Association 1985 . International rules for seed testing . Seed Science and Technology 13 : 356 – 513 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Izhaki I. , Safriel UN 1990 . The effect of some Mediterranean scrubland frugivores upon germination patterns . Journal of Ecology 78 : 56 – 65 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Izahaki I. , Walton PB, Safriel UN 1991 . Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in an eastern Mediterranean scrub . Journal of Ecology 79 : 575 – 590 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Janzen DH 1981 . Ficus ovalis seed predation by an orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) in Costa Rica . Auk 98 : 841 – 844 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Janzen DH 1983 . Dispersal of seeds by vertebrate guts . In: Futuyma DJ, Slatkin M eds. Coevolution . Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates , 232 – 262 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Jensen WA 1962 . Botanical histochemistry . San Francisco : W.H.Freeman and Co . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Johnson RA , Willson MF, Thompson JN, Bertin RI 1985 . Nutritional values of wild fruits and consumption by migrant frugivorous birds . Ecology 66 : 819 – 827 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Krefting LW , Roe EL 1949 . The role of some birds and mammals in seed germination . Ecological Monographs 19 : 269 – 286 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Lambert FR 1989 . Fig-eating and seed dispersal by pigeons in a Malaysian lowland forest . Ibis 131 : 512 – 527 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lambert FR , Marshall AG 1991 . Keystone characteristics of bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malayasian lowland rain forest . 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The germination of seeds . Oxford : Pergamon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC McKey D 1975 . The ecology of coevolved seed dispersal system . In: Gilbert LE, Raven PH eds. Coevolution of animals and plants . Austin : University Texas Press , 159 – 191 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Midya S. , Brahmachary RL 1991 . The effect of birds upon germination of banyan (Ficus hengalensis) seeds . Journal of Tropical Ecology 7 ( 4 ): 537 – 538 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Pacini E 1992 . Seduction and deception in pollen and seed dispersal . Giornale Botanico Italiano 126 ( 2 ): 161 – 168 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Pignatti S 1982 . Flora Ďltalia.1 . Bologna : Edagricole . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC van der Piji L 1982 . Principles of dispersal in higher plants . New York : Springer- Verlag . 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VIOQUE,, JAVIER;PASTOR, JULIO, E.;VIOQUE,, EDUARDO

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01928.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A total of 55 populations belonging to the genus Coincya Rouy (Brassicaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula were examined for their leaf wax composition. The total wax content and the relative proportions of the five main lipid fractions, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, free alcohols and free sterols were determined. It was observed that there was a positive correlation between chemical composition and environmental adaptation, and also with certain morphological characterS. Changes relate to low temperatures or to high relative humidity, and there is a positive correlation between chemical composition and leaf glaucosity. Chemotaxonomy, environmental variation, quantitative variation REFERENCES Avato P. , Bianchi G., Pogna N 1990 . Chemosystematics of surface lipids from maize and some related species . Phytochemistiy 29 : 1571 – 1576 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Bianchi G. , Figini ML 1986 . Epicuticular waxes of glaucous and nonglaucous durum wheat lines . Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 34 : 429 – 433 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Cowlishaw MG , Bickerstaffe R., Young H 1983 . Epicuticular wax of four species of Chionochloa . Phytochemistiy 22 : 119 – 124 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Hamilton S. , Hamilton RJ 1972 . Plant waxes . In: Gunstone FD ed. Topics in Lipid Chemistry 3 . London : Elek Science , 199 – 267 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Leadlay EA , Heywood VH 1990 . The biology and systematics of the genus Coincya Porta & Rigo es Rouy (Cruciferae) . Botanical Journal of the Unman Society 102 : 313 – 398 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Padley FB , Gunstone FD, Harwood JL 1986 . Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fat . In: Gunstone FD, Harwood JL, Padley FB eds. The Lipid Handbook . London : Chapman and Hall , 49 – 170 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Salasoo I 1988 . Epicuticular wax hydrocarbons of Ericaceae in the Pacific Northwest of U.S. A . Biochemical Systematic and Ecology 16 : 619 – 622 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Salasoo I 1989 . Epicuticular wax hydrocarbons of Ericaceae in British Columbia . Biochemical Systematic and Ecology 17 : 381 – 384 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Tulloch AP 1976 . Chemistry of waxes of higher plants . In: Kolattukudy PE ed. Chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes , Elsevier S. P.C. , 236 – 279 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF.

DICKISON, WILLIAM, C.;HILS, MATTHEW, H.;LUCANSKY, TERRY, W.;STERN, WILLIAM, LOUIS

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01930.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The floral and vegetative anatomy of the small Australian genus Aphanopetalum were studied. Wood is described for the first time and is characterized by predominantly solitary pores, scalariform vessel element perforation plates with low bar numbers, imperforate tracheary elements with distinctly bordered pits, sparse axial parenchyma, and a combination of homocellular and heterocellular rayS. Starch occurs in both axial and ray parenchyma of the wood. Stems possess unilacunar, one-trace nodes and the uncommon feature of an endodermis with well-defined Casparian stripS. Leaves have anomocytic stomata, a bifacial mesophyll and semicraspedodromous venation or a combination of semicraspedodromous and brochidodromous venation. The tetramerous flowers are apetalous or have minute petals. The compound, half-inferior gynoecium consists of essentially totally united carpels. The pattern of floral vascularization resembles different Saxifragaceae sensu lalo in that the compound sepal-plane and petal-plane traces give rise to staman bundles as well as sepal, petal, and carpel wall venation in their respective planes. The ventral ovarian bundles are fused into a single ventral complex that subdivides at the top of the ovary to form ventral bundles and to supply the one ovule in each locule. Vegetative and floral features provide compelling evidence to suggest that Aphanopetalum has its nearest relatives among the Saxifragaceae sensu lato rather than Cunoniaceae. The genus is probably best treated as forming its own subfamily (or family) among the saxifragaean alliance. Cunoniaceae, floral anatomy, leaf anatomy, wood anatomy REFERENCES Arnott HJ 1959 . Leaf clearings . Turlox News 37 : 192 – 194 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Bailey FM 1990 . The Queensland Flora . Queensland : HJ Diddams and Co . 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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 80 : 91 – 124 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Dahlgren R 1983 . General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics . Nordic Journal of Botany 3 : 119 – 149 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Dickison WC 1975a . Studies on the floral anatomy of the Cunoniaceae . American Journal of Botany 62 : 433 – 447 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Dickison WC 1975b . Leaf anatomy of Cunoniaceae . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 71 : 275 – 294 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Dickison WC 1980a . Comparative wood anatomy and evolution of the Cunoniaceae . Allertonia 2 : 281 – 321 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Dickison WC 1980b . Diverse nodal anatomy of the Cunoniaceae . American Journal of Botany 67 : 975 – 981 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Dickison WC 1989 . Stem and leaf anatomy of the Alseuosmiaceae . Aliso 12 : 567 – 578 . 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LUCEÑO,, MODESTO;AEDO,, CARLOS

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01931.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A revision of the taxa included within section Phacocystis of the genus Carex is presented herein. The morphological features of a great number of Iberian specimens were studied and then compared with those of foreign material. The most complicated case was that of Carex elata, to which a statistical analysis was applied, Karyological data (meiotic analysis) support the notion that Carex acuta, Carex nigra and Carex trinervis (euploid number 2n = 84) are clearly separated from the Carex elata group (euploid numbers 2n = 74, 76).A thorough nomenclatural revision was performed, including typification when possible. Both descriptions and identification keys are given for all the Iberian taxa. cytology, systematics, taxonomy, typification REFERENCES Boissier PE 1852 . Pugillus plantarum novarum Africae borealis Hispaniaeque australis . Genève . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Burdet HM , Charpin A., Jacquemoud F 1991 . Types nomenclaturaux des taxa ibériques décrits par Boissier ou Reuter. I.Gymnospermes à Graminées . Candollea 36 , 543 – 584 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Cayouette J. , Morisset P 1985 . Chromosome studies on natural hybrids between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocarpae) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications . Canadian Journal of Botany 63 : 1957 – 1982 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Cayouette J. , Moriaset P 1986a . Chromosome studies on the Carex salina complex (Cyperaceae, Section Cryptocarpae) in Northeastern North America . Cytologia 51 : 817 – 856 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Cayouette J. , Morisaet P 1986b . Chromosome studies on Carex paleacea Wahl., C.nigra (L.) Reichard, and C.aquatilis Wahl. In Northeastern North America . Cytologia 51 : 857 – 883 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Chater AO 1980 . Carex L . In: Tutin et al. eds., Flora Europaea, 5 . 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Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Vicioso C 1959 . Estudio monográfico sobre el genero Carex en España . Boletín del Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias 79 : 1 – 205 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Wahl HA 1940 . Chromosome numbers and meiosis in the genus Carex . American Journal of Botany 27 : 458 – 470 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes * Present address: Real Jardín Botánico, C.S.I.C. Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain.