Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

HUFFORD, LARRY, D.;ENDRESS, PETER, K.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00406.xpmid: N/A

Abstract This survey of anther structures and dehiscence patterns focuses on the range of diversity among extant Hamamelididae. The definition and structure of the anther stomium are considered in detail to provide a basis for characterizing dehiscence patterns. We are concerned particularly with the structural basis and distribution of so-called valvate dehiscence, which we define here as occurring only in those anthers that possess stomial bifurcations or markedly eccentric stomia. Valvate dehiscence is restricted to Trochodendrales and Hamamelidales among Hamamelididae, although some Hamamelidaceae possess only linear, not markedly eccentric stomia that lead to longitudinal dehiscence patterns. Anther forms are somewhat variable and do not appear to be highly correlated with stomial patterns, although stomial bifurcations occur most frequently in anthers with broad, thick connectives that extend for the full length (or nearly so) of the thecae. Valvate dehiscence usually occurs in anthers in which the pollen sacs are embedded in bulky superficial tissues. An evolutionarily secondary extension of the stomium around the thecal shoulders seems to have occurred in taxa with a nonextensive connective and may facilitate a broader anther opening in cases of longitudinal dehiscence. An endothecial-like connective hypodermis is a notable characteristic among examined ‘Lower Hamamelididae’ (except Disanthus) and is also present in Daphnipfiyllum and Eucommia. We hypothesize that this specialized connective hypodermis facilitates a broader opening of the anther. Connective hypodermis, endothecium, stamen, stomium, valvate dehiscence REFERENCES Addicott , F. T. 1982 . Abscission . Berkeley : University of California Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Arber , E. A. N. & Parkin , J. 1907 . On the origin of angiosperms . Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) , 138 : 29 – 60 . 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FISHER, JACK, B.;GOH, CHONG, JIN;RAO, A., N.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00407.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The south-east Asian palms, Eugeissona (Calamoideae) and Oncosperma (Arecoideae) are multiple-stemmed. The morphology and development of branching in two species of each genus were examined in Singapore, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. Cultivated seedling and adult plants of 0. tigillarium were also observed in Florida. A new shoot arises most often from a longitudinal abaxial groove at the base of an enclosing leaf sheath. In some instances, especially in E. tristis, the enclosing leaf has two equal, adjacent grooves such that any distinction between an original mother shoot and a lateral daughter shoot is impossible. No axillary buds occur in Eugeissona which is hapaxanthic. In Oncosperma, which is pleonanthic, axillary buds are absent from young pre-flowering stems, but an inflorescence bud occurs in the axil of each leaf in older aerial stems. Early ontogenetic stages of vegetative branching, as seen in sectioned apices, indicate that a new vegetative shoot is present on the abaxial base of the first (youngest) leaf primordium. There is no ontogenetic evidence for the displacement of an originally axillary meristem as previously described for the palm Salacca (Calamoideae). Shoot development in Eugeissona is interpreted as a putative dichotomy of the apical meristem in which the meristem centres commonly develop unequally. In Oncosperma the smaller sucker bud meristem may be described as an abaxial leaf base bud, but ontogenetic variations indicate this form of branching is close to dichotomous branching. These new examples of non-axillary branching are compared to similar cases previously reported for palms and other monocotyledons. Buds, dichotomy, growth form, meristems, Palmae, vegetative development REFERENCES Dransfield , J. 1978 . The growth forms of rain forest palms . In Tomlinson P. B. & Zimmermann M. H. 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HUGHES,, JANE;RICHARDS, A., J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00408.xpmid: 32327810

Abstract Genetic identities I and Similarity Indices SI are calculated between 12 samples of Taraxacum, on the basis of 40 isozymes at 15 loci for 10 enzyme systems. Samples included three polyploid agamospermous populations from northern England (group 1), three sexual diploid populations from south-central France (group 2), and six accessions of ‘primitive’ diploid self-compatible sexual taxa from southern Europe and Australia. Samples could be assigned to eight species, classified in seven sections of the genus. Two clusters of high relationship were evident. All the group 1 and group 2 species were very closely related, with pairwise comparisons for I in excess of 0.93. The three group 3 accessions identified as T. bessarabicum showed pairwise comparisons for SI in excess of 0.71. Comparisons for SI between the other group 3 species, and between all the group 3 species and the group 1 and 2 species were all very low, not exceeding 0.45. It is concluded that dissimilarity between samples as assessed by isozymes is probably related to the time of evolutionary divergence of those samples. Although allopolyploid, and morphologically very diverse, the group 1 agamospecies may have very recently diverged asexually from a common stock. The group 2 diploids may have resulted from rediploidization and regained sexuality from the same originally agamospermous stock. In areas of Europe in which such ‘modern’ sexuality is common, it is probable that all ‘modern’ Taraxaca, including at least five sections of the genus, should be included within a single taxon. In contrast, ‘primitive’ self-compatible sexual species in group 3 appear to have diverged from each other several million years ago, and with the exception of the disjunct accessions of T. bessarabicum, are genetically highly distinct. Such species should be maintained in the taxonomies of all areas. 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HUGHES, JANE; RICHARDS, A. J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00408.xpmid: 32327810

HUGHES, L. & RICHARDS, A. J., 1989. Isozymes and the status of Taraxacum (Asteraceae) agamospecies. Genetic identities I and Similarity Indices SI are calculated between 12 samples of Taraxacum, on the basis of 40 isozymes at 15 loci for 10 enzyme systems. Samples included three polyploid agamospermous populations from northern England (group 1), three sexual diploid populations from south‐central France (group 2), and six accessions of ‘primitive’ diploid self‐compatible sexual taxa from southern Europe and Australia. Samples could be assigned to eight species, classified in seven sections of the genus.

SHEFFIELD,, E.;WOLF, P., G.;HAUFLER, C., H.;RANKER,, T.;JERMY, A., C.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00409.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Based on perceived differences in morphology, chromosome number and habitat, specimens of Pteridiutn from southern Spain have been segregated by previous authors as a species distinct from Pteridium aquilinum, and called Pteridium herediae. However, type specimens of this taxon cannot be found. New collections of Pteridium from similar habitats in the area were examined and analysed in the present study and the results compared with those from British plants (P. aquilinum). The Spanish plants were not found to differ significantly from P. aquilinum morphologically, and all yielded chromosome counts (sporophytes, 104; gametophytes, 52) considered typical for the genus. Genotype frequency data obtained from isozyme electrophoresis of Spanish and British Pteridium yielded a genetic identity of 0.86; well within intraspecific distances found in other ferns. These data indicate that there are currently no grounds for accepting that a form of Pteridium, distinguishable from P. aquilinum on the basis of differences in morphology, chromosome number, habitat or biochemistry, exists on the limestone soils of the Sierra de Cazorla region of southern Spain. Bracken, ferns, Pteridophyta REFERENCES Allen , B. E. M. 1968 Pteridium aquilinum on limestone . British Fern Gazelle , 10 : 34 – 35 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Allen , S. E. , Grimshaw , M., Parkinson , J. A. & Quarmby , C. 1974 . Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials : 49 – 55 . Oxford : Blackwcll Scientific Publications . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Boullard , B. 1957 . La mycotrophic chez les pteridopliytes. Sa frequence, ses characteres, sa signification . Le Bolaniste , 41 : 5 – 181 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Brownsey , P.J. & Jermy , A. C. 1973 . A fern collecting expedition to Crete . British Fern Gazelle , 10 : 331 – 348 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Burge , M. N. & Irvine , J. A. 1985 . Recent studies on the potential for biological control of bracken using fungi . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 86B : 187 – 194 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Castroviejox Lainz , M. , Lopez Gonzalez , G., Montserrat , P., Munoz Garmendia , F., Paiva , J. & Villar , L. (Eds), 1986 . Flora Iberica , 1 . Madrid , C.S.I.C . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Chapman , R. H. , Klekowksi , E. H. & Selander , R. K. 1979 . Homologous heterozygosity and recombination in the fern Pteridium aquilinum Science , 204 : 1207 – 1209 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Colmeiro , M. 1867 . Enumeracion de las criptogamas de EspaHay Portugal . 1 . Madrid . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Conway , E. 1949 . The autecology of the bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn): The germination of the spore, and the development of the prolhallus and the young sporophyte . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 63 : 325 – 343 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Conway , E. & Arblthnot , M. 1949 . Occurrence of endotrophic myeorrhiza in the roots of Pteridium aquilinum Nature , 163 : 609 – 610 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Conway , E. & Stephens , R. 1956 . Sporeling establishment in Pteridium aquilinum: effects of mineral nutrients . Journal of Ecology , 45 : 389 – 399 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Cooper , K. M. 1975 . Growth responses in Solarium leptospermum and New Zealand ferns . In Saunders F. E., Morse B. & Tinker P. B. (Eds) Endomycorrhizas : 391 – 407 , London : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Derrick , L. N. , Jermy , A. C. & Paul , A. M. 1987 . A checklist of European pteridopliytes . Sommerfeltia , 6 . Fletcher , W. W. & Kirkwood , R. C. 1979 . The bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn): its biology and control . In Dyer A. F. (Ed.), The Experimented Biology of Ferns : 591 – 636 . London : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Haufler , C. H. 1985 . Enzyme variability and modes of evolution in Bommeria (Pteridaceae) Systematic Botany , 10 : 92 – 104 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Hegi , G. 1984 . In Kramer K. U. (Ed.), Illuslriarte flora von Mittel-europa, Bd I Pteridophyta I . Berlin-Hamburg : Parey . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Hulten , E. 1927 . Flora of Kamchatka and the Adjacent Islands , 1 . Stockholm : Almqvisi & Wiksell . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Jarrett , F. M. , Manton , I. & Roy , S. K. 1968 . Cylological and taxonomic notes on a small collection of living ferns from Galapagos , Kew Bulletin , 22 : 475 – 480 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Komarov , V. L. 1968 . Flora of the USSR , 1 . Jerusalem : Translated from the Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Linn , C. 1745 . Flora Suecica . Stockholm . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC De Litardiere , R. 1933 . Un nouvel cxcmple de station d'Eupteris aquilina en terrain alkalin . Bulletin Société botanique de France . 70 : 230 – 233 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LÖVe . A. & Kjellqyist , E. 1972 . Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. I. Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae . Lagascalia , 2 : 23 – 35 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lovis , J. D. 1977 . Evolutionary patterns and processes in ferns . Advances in Botanical Research , 4 : 229 – 415 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Manton , I. & Walker , S. 1954 . Induced apogamy in Dryopleris dilalata (Hoffm.). A. Gray and D. filixmas (L.) Scholt. emend, and its significance for the interpretation of the two species . Annals of Botany , 18 : 377 – 383 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Nei , M. 1972 . Genetic distance between populations . American Naturalist , 106 : 283 – 292 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Page , C. N. 1976 . The taxonomy and phytogeography of bracken–a review . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 73 : 1 – 34 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Parris , B. S. , Jermy , A. C., Camus , J. P. & Paul , A. P. 1984 . The Pteridophytes of Gunung Mulu National Park . In Jermy A. C. (Ed.), Studies on the Flora of Gunung Mulu National Park , Sarawak. Kuching . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Schwabe , W. W. 1953 . Physiological studies in plant nutrition. XVI. The mineral nutrition of bracken . Annals of Botany , 17 : 225 – 262 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Sheffield , E. , Wolf , P. G., Haufler , C. H. & Jubrael , J. M. S. 1986 . Pteridium kerediae: A dangerous diploid bracken ? In Smith R. T. & Taylor J. A. (Eds), Bracken; Ecology, Land Use and Control Technology : Lancaster : Parthenon Publishing . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Soltis , D. E. , Haufler , C. H., Darrow , D. C. & Gastony , G. J. 1983 . Starch gel electrophoresis of ferns: a compilation of grinding buffers, gel and electrode buffers and staining schedules . American Fern Journal , 73 : 9 – 27 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Standley , P. C. 1920 . Ferns of Glacier National Park, Montana . American Fern Journal , 10 : 97 – 110 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Stearn , W. T. 1957 . An introduction to the Species Plantarum and cognate botanical works of Carl Linnaeus . In C. Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. A Facsimile of the First Edition 1753 . London : Ray Society . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Tryon , R. M. 1941 . A revision of the genus Pteridium Rhodora , 43 : 1 – 31 , 37 –67. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Valentine , D. H. 1964 . Pteridium Scop . In Tutin T. G., Heywood V. H., Burges N. A., Valentine D. H., Walters S. M. & Webb D. A. Flora Europaea, I . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Webster , B. D. & Steeves , T. A. 1958 . Morphogenesis in Pteridium aquilinum. General morphology and growth habit . Phytomorphology , 8 : 30 – 41 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Wolf , P. G. , Haufler , C. H. & Sheffield , E. 1987 . Electrophoretic evidence for genetic diploidy in the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) Science , 236 : 947 – 949 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes * Present address: Department of Botany, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164, U.S.A. ** Present address: Hawaiian Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A.

WILLMOT,, ALAN

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00410.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The results of a survey on the number of upright fronds per plant in a population of Dryopteris filix-mas and in a population of D. dilatata over a 14 month period are presented. These coupled with similar information on the number of developing fronds per plant demonstrate that large plants in the population of each species were summergreen, while small ones were wintergreen. This size-specific difference in leaf phenology does not seem to have been recorded before in Dryopteris filix-mas. It is suggested that this difference, in both species, may have been due to either the different environments in which the plants grew or to a risk-sensitive strategy in the small plants. It is considered that such a strategy might be concerned with the obtaining or retention of resources at a critical period in the life history of the species. Ecology, morphology, Pteridophyta REFERENCES Bannister , P. 1984 . The seasonal course of frost resistance in some New Zealand pteridophytes . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 22 : 557 – 563 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Bey , C. F. 1979 . Geographic variation in Juglans nigra in the mid-western United States . Silvae Genetica , 28 : 132 – 135 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Bierzychudek , P. 1982 . Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: a review . New Phytologist , 90 : 757 – 776 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Chabot , B. F. & Hicks , D. J. 1982 . The ecology of leaf life spans . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic , 13 : 229 – 259 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Clapham , A. R. 1969 . Flora of Derbyshire . Derby : County Borough of Derby . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lechowicz , M. J. 1984 . Why do temperate deciduous trees leaf out at different times? Adaptation and ecology of forest communities . The American Naturalist , 124 : 821 – 842 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Mahall , B. E. & Bormann , F. H. 1978 . A quantitative description of the vegetative phenology of herbs in a northern hardwood forest . Botanical Gazette , 139 : 467 – 481 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Moore , P. G. & Edwards , D. E. 1965 . Standard Statistical Calculations . London : Pitman . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Packham , J. R. & Harding , D.J. L. 1982 . Ecology of Woodland Processes . London : Edward Arnold . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Page , C. N. 1982 . The Ferns of Britain and Ireland . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Perry , T. O. & Hellmers , H. 1973 . Effects of abscisic acid on growth and dormancy of two races of red maple . Botanical Gazette , 134 : 283 – 289 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Sato , T. 1982 . Phenology and wintering capacity of sporophytes and gamctophytes of ferns native to northern Japan . Oecologia , 55 : 53 – 61 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Sato , T. 1983 . Determination of the developmental age of sporophytes of some summer-green ferns in Hokkaido, Japan . Japanese Journal of Ecology , 33 : 161 – 167 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Sato , T. & Sakai , A. 1980 . Phenological study of the leaf of pterophyta in Hokkaido . Japanese Journal of Ecology , 30 : 369 – 375 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Seiler , R. L. 1981 . Leaf turnover rates and natural history of the central American tree fern Alsophita slavinii American Fem Journal , 71 : 75 – 81 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Sydes , C. L. 1984 . A comparative study of leaf demography in limestone grassland . Journal of Ecology , 72 : 331 – 345 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Tanner , E. V. J. 1983 . Leaf demography and growth of the tree-fern Cyathea pubescens Mett. ex Kuhn in Jamaica . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 87 : 213 – 227 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat VON Aderkas , P. & Green , P. E. J. 1986 . Leaf development of the ostrich fern Matteuccia strulhiopteris (L.) Todaro . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 93 : 307 – 321 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Willmot , A. 1985 . Population dynamics of woodland Dryopteris in Britain . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 86B : 307 – 313 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

VENTER, H. J., T.;FIELD, D., V.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00411.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A new species of Stomatostemma is described from Mozambique. It is the second species distinguished in the genus Stomatostemma N.E. Br., the other being S. monteiroae (Oliv.) N.E. Br., which was also described from Mozambique. The new species is distinguished from. S. monteiroae by being a virgate shrub, by the pendulous terminal branches and inflorescences, by the long and frail peduncles and pedicels and by the long clavate corona lobes. Asclepiadaceae, taxonomy REFERENCES Brown , N. E. 1902 . Stomalostemma . In Thisleton-Dyer W. T. (Ed.), Flora of Tropical Africa 4 (1): 253 . London : Lovell Reeve & Co. . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Leach , L. C. 1973 Euphorbia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area: 10 . Journal of South African Botany , 39 : 3 – 22 , Fig. 10. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Oliver , D. 1887 Cryptolepis monteiroae . Hooker's Icones Plantarum , 16 : tabula 1591. This content is only available as a PDF.

VENTER, H. J., T.;GILBERT, M., G.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00412.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A new species of Raphionacme from north-cast Africa is described. It is recognized by the puberulous lanceolate and wavy leaves, the purple corolla lobes, the simple free filiform corona lobes, the massive laterally broadened staminal filaments and the position of the gynoslcgium in the corolla mouth. The new species resembles R. michelii de Wild, to a certain extent. Their coronas and stamens are alike in structure and implantation. However, they differ with regard to the corolla structure and the relative position of the gynostegium in the flower, and the length of the pedicels. Taxonomy REFERENCES Gilbert , M. G. 1987 . The Flora of south and south-east Ethiopia . In Hedberg I. (Ed.), Proceedings of the first Ethiopian Flora Project Symposium in Symbolae balanicae Uppsatienses , 16 ( 2 ): 86 – 93 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

Whitmore, T., C.;Ross, J., D.;Jennings, D., H.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00413.xpmid: N/A

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