Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

SMITH, DAVID, L.;SCOTT, ROBERT, C.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb02202.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Cotyledon venation patterns are described for 93 species representing all tribes of the Caesalpinioideae. Patterns are grouped into a series of levels of complexity according to the number of primary veins, nine, seven, six, five, three or one, but five- and three-vein patterns predominate. The number of petiolar vascular strands varies from one to eight but most species have two or four strands. It is proposed that all the patterns have been derived from one in which four strands and a protoxylem trace in the petiole branch and anastomose to form seven primary veins in the lamina. Venation patterns show correlations with cotyledon anatomy, size and shape and with taxonomic grouping at tribal, infratribal and generic levels. Each tribe is characterized by a particular set of related patterns, pattern frequencies and evolutionary trends. Seed, seedling REFERENCES BAILEY , I. W. 1956 . Nodal anatomy in retrospect . Journal of the Arnold Arboretum , 37 : 269 – 287 . 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Journal of the Arnold Arboretum , 36 , 1 – 51 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat POLHILL , R. M. & RAVEN , P. H. 1981 . Advances in Legume Systematics Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC POLHILL , R. M. & VIDAL , J. E. 1981 . Caesalpinieae. In Polhill R. M. & Raven P. H. (Eds), Advances in Legume Systematics: 81–95 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SINNOTT , E. W. & BAILEY , I. W. 1915 . Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. 5. Foliar evidence as to the ancestry and early climatic environment of the angiosperms . American Journal of Botany , 2 : 1 – 22 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SMITH , D. L. 1981 . Cotyledons of the Leguminosae. In Polhill R. M. & Raven P. H. (Eds), Advances in Legume Syslematics: 927–940 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SMITH , D. L. 1983 . Cotyledon anatomy in the Leguminosae . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 86 : 325 – 355 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SPORNE , K. R. 1948 . A note on a rapid clearing technique of wide application . New Phytologist , 47 : 290 – 291 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SPORNE , K. R. 1956 . The phylogenetic classification of the angiosperms . Biological Reviews , 31 : 1 – 29 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat STONE , D. E. 1970 . Evolution of cotyledonary nodal vasculature in the Juglandaceae . American Journal of Botany , 57 : 1219 – 1225 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SWAMY , B. G. L. 1949 . Further contributions to the morphology of the Degeneriaceae . Journal of the Arnold Arboretum , 30 : 10 – 38 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat TAKHTAJAN , A. 1969 . Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC THOMAS , E. N. 1907 . A theory of the double leaf trace, founded on seedling structure . New Phytologist , 6 : 77 – 91 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat THOMAS , E. N. 1914 . Seedling anatomy of Ranales, Rhoedales and Rosales . Annals of Botany , 28 : 695 – 733 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

HAWKES, J., G.;HJERTING, J., P.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb02203.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Two new wild potato species from Bolivia, belonging to Solanum section Petota are described. Solanaceae, taxonomy, wild potatoes REFERENCES CIP [CIP = Centro Internacional de la Papa—The International Potato Centre] 1973 . Workshop on Germplasm Exploration and Taxonomy of Potatoes . International Potato Centre , Lima, Peru . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CIP 1976 . Report of the Planning Conference on the Exploration and Maintenance of Germplasm Resources . International Potato Centre , Lima, Peru . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CIP 1979 . Report of the Planning Conference on the Exploration, Taxonomy and Maintenance of Potato Germplasm III . International Potato Centre , Lima, Peru . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HAWKES , J. G. & HJERTING , J. P. 1983 . New tuber-bearing Solanum taxa from Bolivia and northern Argentina . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 86 : 405 – 417 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

HERRERA, CARLOS, M.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb02204.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Female Osyris quadripartita plants exhibit uninterrupted reproductive activity throughout the year, due to the long duration of successive stages in the cycle and marked within-crop developmental asynchrony. Cycles corresponding to the flowering seasons of consecutive years overlap in each individual. Flowering takes place in spring, and fruits develop in the dry summer season and ripen at any time of the year. Variation in flowering time explains a negligible proportion of variation in ripening time. The greatest reproductive losses are incurred in the phase extending from closed flowers through unripe fruits, mostly due to ovary abortion. Only 30% of closed flowers eventually reach this latter stage. In contrast, 75% of unripe fruits complete their development, with subsequent dispersal of seeds. The probability of the setting of ripe fruit steadily decreases from early to late season flowers, due to increased ovary abortion rates. Resource limitation in the dry summer season seems responsible for this pattern of selective fruit maturation. Phenology, selective fruit maturation REFERENCES ATSATT , P. R. 1965 . Angiosperm parasite and host: coordinated dispersal . Science , 149 : 1389 – 1390 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat ATSATT , P. R. 1970a . Hemiparasitic flowering plants: phenotypic canalization by hosts . Nature London , 225 : 1161 – 1163 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ATSATT , P. R. 1970b . The population biology of annual grassland hemiparasites. II. Reproductive patterns in Orthocarpus . Evolution , 24 : 598 – 612 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ATSATT , P. R. & STRONG , D. R. 1970 . The population biology of annual grassland hemiparasites. I. The host environment . Evolution , 24 : 278 – 291 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BAKER , G. A. RUNDEL , P. W. & PARSONS , D. J. 1982 . Comparative phenology and growth in three chaparral shrubs . 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Pollination ecology of five hemiparasitic, large-flowered Rhinanthoideae with special reference to the pollination behaviour of nectar-thieving, short-tongued bumblebees . Acta Botanica Neerlandica , 26 : 97 – 107 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LACKNEY , V. K. 1981 . The parasitism of Pedicularis lanceolata Michx., a root hemiparasite . Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , 108 : 422 – 429 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LAMONT , B. 1982 . Mechanisms for enhancing nutrient uptake in plants, with particular reference to mediterranean South Africa and Western Australia . Botanical Review , 48 : 597 – 689 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LAMONT , B. 1983 . Strategies for maximizing nutrient uptake in two mediterranean ecosystems of low nutrient status. In Kruger F. J. Mitchell D. T. & Jarvis J. U. M. (Eds), Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: 246–273 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag . 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FEEHAN,, JOHN

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb02205.xpmid: N/A

Abstract In many ornithophilous Loranthaceae pollination is accompanied by an explosive opening of the flowers, and diverse mechanisms have evolved in different genera to bring this about. These are described for the African genera Erianthemum, Englerina, Tapinanthus, Globimetula, Vanwykia and Plicosepalus. In many genera tensions within the stamens cause the tubular corolla to split along the petal junctions to form window-like fenestrae. The flowers are pollinated mainly by sunbirds which insert their beaks through the fenestrae in search of the abundant nectar. This action causes the tube to split and the stamens to coil inwards explosively. In Globimetula and many species of Tapinanthus pigment is secreted along the edges of the specialized petal segments of the head, the spathulae. Probing along these secretory junctions causes the spathulae to reflex; further probing splits the corolla tube, and allows the stamens to coil inwards explosively. In Globimetula reflexure of the petals exposes the central column of stamens, between which secondary fenestrae are developed. In Plicosepalus curvature of the corolla tube is connected with a more specialized fenestral structure; flower opening is not explosive, and the open flowers continue to be visited regularly by sunbirds. In Vanwykia an early stage in the development of explosive flower-opening is found. Corolla structure, Nectariniidae, pigmentation stamen movements REFERENCES BALLE , S. 1954 . Sur quelques Loranthoïdées d'Afrique . Bulletin des séances de l'institut royal colonial beige , 25 : 1619 – 1635 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BALLE , S. 1956 . A propos de la morphologie des “Loranthus” d'Afrique . Webbia , 11 : 541 – 585 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BALLE , S. 1957 . Sur quelques Loranthoïdées d'Afrique—II . Bulletin des séances de l'académie royale des sciences d'Outre Mer , 2 : 1061 – 1083 . 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LAMONT,, BYRON

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb02206.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Flower colour changes from white or yellow to various shades of red at or near the sites of harvestable pollen in Calytrix glutinosa, Grevillea pilulifera, Isopogon dubius and Petrophile biloba, and over most of the flower in Hypocalymma angustifolium, Verticordia chrysantha and V. huegelii and over the pseudanthium in Darwinia citriodora. All bee, wasp, beetle, fly, butterfly and moth visitors select flowers in the white/yellow phase rather than the red or intermediate phase. Nectar is produced by five species, harvestable pollen by four species and detectable perfume by three species, all of which features are usually absent from the red phase. The timing of the colour change in all species also corresponds to loss of stigma receptivity, completion of pollination and onset of ovule seed) swelling. Six species also undergo minor morphometric changes which discourage visitation. In all species, colour change is non-inducible by pollinators, taking 2–30 days to complete. In three protandrous species, all available pollen may be removed in the first visit, requiring transport of non-self pollen to rewardless flowers during the 10 h period of the yellow phase. These species are highly floriferous and occur in dense patches. Since only a small proportion of flowers may be receptive at any one time, it is concluded that retention of flower parts essentially serves to enhance long-distance attraction, while colour change maximizes pollination and foraging efficiency. Floral biology, pollination REFERENCES BARROWS , E. M. 1976 . Nectar robbing and pollination of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) . Biotropica , 8 : 123 – 125 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BARROWS , E. M. 1977 . Floral maturation and insect visitors of Pachyptera hymenaea (Bignoniaceae) . Biotropica , 9 : 133 – 134 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BURKHARDT , D. 1964 . Colour discrimination in insects. In Beaumont J. W. 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