Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

SATTLER,, ROLF;PERLIN,, LOUISE

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00532.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Three morphological problems were investigated in three species of the Nyctaginaceae: epiphylly, phyllotaxis and placentation. Epiphylly, which occurs in Bougainvillea spectabilis, is the result of ontogenetic displacement resulting from the activity of an intercalary meristem at the base of the floral bract and the floral bud. Floral development of Bougainvillea spectabilis was compared with that of Boerhaavia diffusa and Mirabilis jalapa. Considerable variation occurs with regard to the number and arrangement of stamens. Five stamens are initiated simultaneously, alternate to the petals, in Mirabilis. In Bougainvillea, eight stamens arise sequentially at divergence angles suggestive of a 3/8 spiral. No developmental evidence was found to support the derivation of the eight stamens from a two whorled pentamerous androecium. Boerhaavia normally has only two stamens which most frequently are initiated toward opposite sides of the floral apex, but may also be formed in a 2/5 to 3/8 divergence. In some flowers only one or three stamens are formed. The gynoecium is formed in the same way in all three species: growth occurs in a crescent-shaped zone at the periphery of the floral apex thus producing the gynoecial wall. The single ovule, which is basal in the mature gynoecium, is formed from the gradual upgrowth and transformation of the floral apex and is developmentally terminal. Even the two-layered tunica is maintained as the floral apex is transformed into the ovule primordium. If ‘carpel’ is defined traditionally as a folded megasporophyll which bears and encloses ovule(s) then carpels are not present in the gynoecia of the three species studied. If ‘carpel’ is re-defined as an appendage which encloses ovule(s), then the gynoecia of the Nyctaginaceae are carpellate. However, the ovules remain cauline regardless of which definition is adopted. basal ovule, Boerhaavia, Bougainvillea, epiphylly, floral development, Mirabilis, Nyctaginaceae REFERENCES AYMARD , M. 1967 . Sur la placentation du Cyclamen persicum Mill. Comptes Rendus du Congrès. National des Sociétés Savantes , Strasbourg et Colmar. Section des Sciences , Tome III : 229 – 242 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BHARGAVA , H. R. 1952 . The anatomy of the flower of Boerhaavia repanda. American Midland Naturalist , 47 : 508 – 512 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat COOPER , D. C. 1932 . The anatomy and development of the floral organs of Bougainvillea glabra. American Journal of Botany , 19 : 814 – 822 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat DICKINSON , T. A. 1978 . Epiphylly in angiosperms . Botanical Review . 44 : 181 – 232 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat DICKINSON , T. A. & SATTLER , R. 1974 . Development of the epiphyllous inflorescence of Phyllonoma integerrima (Turcz.) Loes.: Implications for comparative morphology . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 69 : 1 – 13 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat DICKINSON , T. A. & SATTLER , R. 1975 . Development of the epiphyllous inflorescence of Helwingia japonica. (Helwingiaceae) . American Journal of Botany , 69 : 962 – 973 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ECKARDT , T. 1954 . Morphologische und systematische Auswertung der Placentation von Phytolaccaceae . Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschafi , 67 : 113 – 128 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat FOSBERG , F. R. 1978 . Studies in the genus Boerhaavia L. (Nyctaginaceae): 1–5 . Smithsnian Contributions to Botany , 39 : 1 – 20 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GALLE , P. 1977 . Untersuchungen zur Blütenentwicklung der Polygonaceen . Bolanische Jahrbücher für Systematik , 98 : 449 – 489 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GILLIS , W. T. 1976 . Bougainvilleas of cultivation (Nyctaginaceae) . Baileya , 20 : 34 – 41 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HACKETT , W. P. & SACHS , R. M. 1968 . Experimental separation of inflorescence development from initiation in Bougainvillea. American Society for Horticultural Science , 92 : 615 – 621 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HEIMERL , A. 1934 . In Engler , & Prantl (Eds), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien , 16c : 86 – 134 . JONG , K. 1970 . Developmental aspects of vegetative morphology in Streptocarpus . Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh . JOSHI , A. C. & RAO , V. S. 1934 . Vascular anatomy of the flowers of four Nyctaginaceae . Journal of the Indian Botanical Society , 13 : 169 – 186 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KAM , Y. K. 1974 . Developmental studies of the floret in Oryiopsis virescens and O. hymenoides Canadian Journal of Botany , 52 : 125 – 149 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MACDONALD , A. D. & SATTLER , R. 1973 . Floral development in Myrica gale and the controversy over floral concepts . Canadian Journal of Botany , 51 : 1965 – 1976 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MACDONALD , A. D. 1974 . Theoretical problems of interpreting floral organogenesis of Laportea canadensis. Canadian Journal of Botany , 52 : 639 – 644 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MAHESHWARI , P. 1929 . Contributions to the morphology of Boerhaavia diffusa. I . Journal of the Indian Botanical Society , 8 : 219 – 234 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MEYEN , S. V. 1973 . Plant morphology in its nomothetical aspects . Botanical Review , 39 : 205 – 260 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MEYEN , S. V. 1978 . Nomothetical plant morphology and the nomothetical theory of evolution: the need for cross pollination . Acta Biotheoretica , 27 ( Supp. Folia Biotheoretica No. 7): 21 – 36 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MOELIONO , B. M. 1970 . Cauline or carpellary placentation among dicotyledons I. The cauline ovules of centrosperms . Assen : Koninklijke Van Goreum & Co. N.V . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC PANKOW , H. 1962 . Histogenetische Studien an den Blüten einiger Phanerogamen . Bolanische Studien , 13 : 1 – 106 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat PURI , V. 1952 . Placentation in angiosperms . Botanical Review , 18 : 603 – 651 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RODIN , R. J. & DAVIS , R. E. 1967 . The use of papain in clearing plant tissues for wholemount . Stain Technology , 42 : 203 – 206 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat ROHWEDER , O. & HUBER , K. 1974 . Centrospermen Studien VII. Beobachtungen und Anmerkungen zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte einiger Nyctaginaceen . Bolanische Jahrbücher Für Systematik 94 : 327 – 359 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SATTLER , R. 1968 . A technique for the study of floral development . Canadian Journal of Botany , 46 : 720 – 724 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SATTLER , R. 1973 . Organogenesis of flowers. A photographic Text-Atlas . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SATTLER , R. 1974 . A new approach to gynoecial morphology . Phytomorphology , 24 : 22 – 34 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SATTLER , R. 1978 . 'Fusion' and ‘continuity’ in floral morphology . Notes Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , 36 : 397 – 405 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SATTLER , R. On theoretical plant morphology . Journal of General Biology , in press. [Russian journal, text in Russian.]. SHARMA , H. P. 1963 , Contributions to the morphology of the Nyctaginaceae I. Anatomy of the node and inflorescence of some species . Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science , 57 : 35 – 50 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SHARMA , H. P. 1963b . Contributions to the morphology of the Nyctaginaceae II. Floral anatomy of some species . Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science , 57 : 149 – 163 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat STEVENSON , D. W. 1978 . The shoot apex of Bougainvillea spectabilis American Journal of Botany , 65 : 792 – 794 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat TIEGHEM , P. van 1875 . Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur ľanatomie comparée de la fleur . Mémoires Savants étrangers de ľInstitul de ľAcademic des Science de Paris , 21 : 1 – 261 . [Separately published in 1871.]. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat WIBAUT , C. 1965 . Ontogenèse des organes végétatifs et réproducteurs du Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginacées) . Revue de Cytologic et de Biologic Végétales , 28 : 43 – 161 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

FERGUSON, I., K.;SKVARLA, J., J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00533.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The surface sculpturing of the pollen of some species of the taxonomically widely separated genera Harpalyce (tribe Brongniartieae), Camoensia (tribe Sophoreae), Millettia (tribe Tephrosieae), and of the monotypic Dahlstedtia (tribe Tephrosieae) which have large red or white flowers adapted for pollination by birds or bats, is coarsely rugulate or verrucate. Related taxa with small insect pollinated flowers have pollen with simple reticulate or perforate surface sculpturing. The exine stratification of Alexa and Castanospermum (tribe Sophoreae), genera with large red bird-flowers, is complex with a layer of tectal columellae and differs from that of other genera in the tribe Sophoreae which have a normal pollen wall structure. These modifications of pollen structure and sculpture appear to be the result of convergent evolution and a secondary adaptation to pollination. The taxonomic and functional significance of the observations are briefly discussed. chiropterophyly, classification, evolution, ornithophily, palynology -Papilionoideae pollination REFERENCES ARMSTRONG , J. A. 1980 . Biotic pollination mechanisms in the Australian flora–a review . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 17 : 467 – 508 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ARROYO , M. T. KALIN 1976 . The systematics of the Legume genus Harpalyce (Leguminosae: Lotoideae) . Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden , 26 ( 4 ): 1 – 80 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ARROYO , M. T. KALIN 1981 . Breeding systems and pollination biology in Leguminosae. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 723 – 769 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CERCEAU-LARRIVAL , M.-Th & ROLAND-HEYDACKER , F. 1976 . The evolutionary significance of the ultrastructure of the exine in Umbelliferous pollen grains. In Muller J. (Eds) The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 481 – 498 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CERCEAU-LARRIVAL , M.-Th & ROLAND-HEYDACKER , F. 1981 . Adaptation de 1-ultrastructure de ľexine de quelques ombelliferes australes en fonction des conditions biogéographiques . Mémoires du Muséum National ďHistoire Naturelle, nouvelle serie B Botanique , 27 : 31 – 38 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat CREPET , W. L. 1979 . Some aspects of the pollination biology of Middle Eocene angiosperms . Review of Paleobotany and Palynotogy , 27 : 213 – 238 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ERDTMAN , G. 1969 . Handbook of Palynotogy . Copenhagen : Munksgaard . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC FAEGRI , K. & VAN DER PILJ , L. 1979 . The Principles of Pollination Ecology , 3rd ed. Oxford : Pergamon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC FERGUSON , I. K. 1978 . Technique utilisant le méthylate de sodium comme solvant de la résine époxy des blocs ďinclusion “type MET” pour les observations de ľexine des grains de pollen . Annates des Mines de Belgique . 1978 ( 2 ): 153 – 157 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat FERGUSON , I. K. & WEBB , D. A. 1970 . Pollen morphology in the genus Saxifraga and its taxonic significance . Botanical Journal of Lirmean Society , 63 : 295 – 311 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat FERGUSON , I. K. & SKVARLA , J. J. 1979 . The pollen morphology of Cranocarpus martii Bentham (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) . Grana , 18 : 15 – 20 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat FERGUSON , I. K. & SKVARLA , J. J. 1981 . The pollen morphology of the subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae). In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 859 – 896 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC GRAHAM , A. & TOMB , A. S. 1974 . Palynology of Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae): preliminary survey of the subgenera . Lloydia , 37 : 465 – 481 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GRAHAM , A. & TOMB , A. S. 1977 . Palynology of Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae): the subgenera, sections, and generic relationships . Lloydia , 40 : 413 – 435 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GRAHAM , A. & BARKER , G. 1981 . Palynology and tribal classification in the Caesalpinioideae. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 801 – 834 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC GUINET , Ph 1981a . Comparative account of pollen characters in the Leguminosae. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 789 – 799 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC GUINET , Ph 1981b . Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 835 – 857 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HESLOP-HARRISON , J. 1976 . The adaptive significance of the exine. In Muller J. (Eds) The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 27 – 37 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HESLOP-HARRISON , J. 1979 . Pollen walls as adaptive systems . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 66 : 813 – 829 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HESSE , M. 1981 . The fine structure of the exine in relation to the stickiness of angiosperm pollen . Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 35 : 81 – 92 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HIDEUX , M. J. & FERGUSON , I. K. 1976 . The stereostructure of the exine and its evolutionary significance in Saxifragaceae sensu lato. In Muller J. (Eds) The evolutionary significance of the exine : 327 377 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HIDEUX , M. & FERGUSON , I. K. 1977 . Stéréostructure de ľexine des Saxifragales proposition ďune description logique et schematique . Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France , 122 : 57 – 67 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HORVAT , F. & STAINIER , F. 1980 , Ľétude de ľexine dans le complexe Phaseolus-Vigna et dans des genres apparentés. 4 . Pollen et Spores , 22 : 139 – 172 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KAVANAGH , T. A. & FERGUSON , I. K. 1981 . Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the subtribe Diocleinae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae) . Review of Palaebotany and Palynology , 32 : 317 – 367 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat KNUTH , P. 1908 . Handbook of Flower Pollination, 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC KÖHLER , E. 1976 . Pollen dimorphism and heterostyly in the genus Waltheria L. (Sterculiaceae). In Muller J. (Eds) The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 147 – 161 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC LEPPIK , E. E. 1966 . Floral evolution and pollination in the Leguminosae . Annates Botanici Fennici , 3 : 229 – 308 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MARÉCHAL , R. MASCHERPA , J.-M & STAINIER , F. 1978 . Etude taxonomique ďune groupe complexe ďespèces des genres Phaseolus et Vigna (Papilionaceae) sur la base de données morphologiques et polliniques, traitees par ľanalyse informatique . Boissiera , 28 : 1 – 273 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MATTSSON , O. 1976 . The development of dimorphic pollen in Tripogandra (Commelinaceae). In Muller J. (Eds) The evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 163 – 183 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC MULLER , J. 1981 . Exine architecture and function in some Lythraceae and Sonneratiaceae . Review of Palaeobolany and Palynology , 35 : 93 – 123 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat NABLI , M. A. 1975 . Contribution àľEtude Ultra Structurale et Ontogénique d ľExine de Quelques Eabiatae . Thèse , Université de Marseille . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC NABLI , M. A. 1976 . Etude ultrastructurale comparée de ľexine chez quelques genres de Labiatae. In Muller J. (Eds) The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 499 – 525 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC PAGE , J. S. 1978 . A scanning electron microscope survey of grass pollen . Kew Bulletin , 32 : 313 – 319 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat POLHILL , R. M. 1981 . Papilionoideae. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 191 – 208 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC POLHILL , R. M. RAVEN , P. H. & STIRTON , C. H. 1981 . Evolution and systematics of the Leguminosae. In Raven P. H. (Eds) Advances in Legume Systematics : 1 – 26 . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC PUNT , W. 1975 . Pollen morphology of the Dichapetalaceae with special reference to evolutionary trends and mutual relationships of pollen types . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 19 : 1 – 97 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat PUNT , W. 1976 . Evolutionary trends in the pollen grains of Dichapetalaceae. In Muller J. (Eds) The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine : 139 – 146 . London & New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC RAVEN , P. H. 1974 . Erythrina (Fabaceae): Achievements and opportunities . Uoydia , 37 : 321 – 331 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SKVARLA , J. J. RAVEN , P. H. CHISSOE , W. F. & SHARP , M. 1978 . An ultrastructural study of viscin threads in Onagraceae pollen . Pollen et Spores , 20 : 5 – 143 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat STRACHAN , R. & FERGUSON , I. K. 1981 . Pollen morphology and taxonomy of the tribe Indigofereae ( Leguminosae : Papilionoideae. Pollen et spores , in press. Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC THIAM , A. 1974 . Camoensia brevicalyx Benth. In Guinet Ph (Eds) Pollen et Spores ďAfrique tropicale : 170 – 171 . Talence France : Centre ďétudes de geographie tropicale . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC WODEHOUSE , R. P. 1935 . Pollen Grains . New York & London : McGraw-Hill . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF.

BÜLOW-OLSEN,, ANNE;JUST,, J.;LIDDLE, M., J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00534.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The settlement of Australia by European man has been a major ecological factor in the history of the vegetation. A reconstruction of one aspect of this influence is given, based on estimations of the growth rate and flowering history of a population of Xanthorrhoea johnsonii. The age structure of four parts of the existing population within the campus of Griffith University, Brisbane was examined. The mean growth rate, based on counts of leaf production and the number of leaf scars per unit length of the caudexes, was estimated to be 0.88 (s.d. 0.17) cm year−1. The flowering history was reconstructed from the numbers and positions of flower scars recorded after removal of the leaf bases from 264 individuals. Flowering potential appears to increase up to about 50 years of age and is then relatively stable. Flower production gradually increased from 1820 to 1967 and then fell sharply. Since 1840 there is a strong correlation between the number of residences established within 3 km of the site and the number of flowers produced. The number of plants flowering is known to increase as a result of fire, and we therefore suggest that increasing numbers of accidental or deliberate fires started by settlers and later inhabitants may have caused the increase in flowering. Australia, flowering, growth rates, history, Xanthorrhoea REFERENCES ASHTON , D. H. 1970 . The Effects of Fire on Vegetation. The Second Fire Ecology Symposium , Monash University , Melbourne, Australia . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC BAIRD , A. M. 1977 . Regeneration after fire in King's Park, Western Austalia . Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia , 60 : 1 – 22 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BECKMAN , G. G. 1967 . Soils and Land Use in the Beenleigh-Brisbane Area, South-eastern Queensland. Soils and Land Use series Mo. 50 . Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC ELSOL , J. A. & DOWLING , R. M. 1978 . Moreton Region Vegetation Map Series. Beenleigh Sheet . Brisbane : Botany Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC GILL , A. M. & INGWERSON , F. 1976 . Growth o{ Xanthorrhoea australisK. Br. in relation to fire . Journal of Applied Ecology , 13 : 195 – 203 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LAMONT , B. B. & DOWNS , S. 1979 . The longevity, flowering and fire history of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea pressii and Kingia australis. Journal of Applied Ecology , 16 : 893 – 899 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LEE , A. T. 1966a . Xanthorrhoeaceae. Contributions to New South Wales Naturalist Herbarium . Flora Series , 34 : 1 – 42 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LEE , A. T. 1966b . Notes on Xanthorrhoea in Eastern Australia . Contributions to New South Wales Naturalist Herbarium , 4 : 35 – 54 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat McARTHUR , A. G. 1970 . The Historical Place of Fire in the Australian Environment. The Second Fire Ecology Symposium . Monash University , Melbourne, Australia . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC MOORE , R. M. & PERRY , R. A. 1975 . Vegetation. In Moore R. M. (Ed.) Australian Grasslands . Canberra : Australian National University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCURR , A. T. 1975 . The first 150 years. Mt. Gravattfrom 1825 to 1975 . Brisbane : A. T. Scurr . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC STAFF , J. A. 1968 . A study of the apex and growth patterns in the shoot of Xanthorrhoea media R. Br . Phytomorphology , 18 : 153 – 66 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat TINDALE , N. B. 1974 . Aboriginal Tribes of Australia . Los Angeles : University of California Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC WALLACE , W. R. 1966 . Fire in the jarrah forest environment . Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia , 49 : 33 – 44 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes * Present address: Botanical Institute, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Copenhagen V, Denmark.

CHARLTON, W., A.;WATSON,, JOAN

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00535.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The arrangement of lateral insertions has been examined on axes of Stigmaria ficoides. The arrangement can be considered as a phyllotactic pattern made up of parastichies and orthostichies. Orthodox phyllotactic patterns, based on parastichy numbers from the Fibonacci or common accessory series, do not occur. Instead spiral (or multijugate) arrangements occur based on pairs of parastichy numbers such as x and x+ 1, x and x+ 2, x and x+ 3, etc. and x ranges from 12 to 19. Whorled arrangements occur relatively infrequently. Individual axes commonly show frequent changes in pattern. The observations are used to make deductions about the growth and homology of stigmarian axes. Carboniferous, lateral arrangement, phyllotaxis, Stigmaria REFERENCES ANDREWS , H. N. 1961 . Studies in paleobotany . New York : Wiley . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC BALFOUR , J. H. 1872 . Introduction to the study of palaeontological botany . Edinburgh : A. & C. Black . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CHALONER , W. B. & BOUREAU , E. 1967 . Lycophyta. In Boureau E. (Ed.) Traité de paleobotanique 11 . Paris : Masson . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CHARLTON , W. A. 1975 . Distribution of lateral roots and pattern of lateral initiation in Pontederia cordata L . Botanical Gazette , 136 : 225 – 235 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat CHARLTON , W. A. 1982 . Distribution of lateral root primordia in root tips of Mara acuminata Colla . Annals of Botany (in press). CROOKALL , R. 1966 . Fossil plants of the Carboniferous rocks of Great Britain [Second Section]. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain , Palaeontology 4 ( 4 ): 355 – 571 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat DICKSON , A. 1873 . On the phyllotaxis of Lepidodendron. Transactions and Proceedings of the Edinburgh Botanical Society , 11 : 145 – 147 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat EGGERT , D. A. 1961 . The ontogeny of Carboniferous arborescent Lycopsida . Palaeontographica, B , 108 : 43 – 92 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat FOSTER , A. S. & GIFFORD , E. M. 1974 . Comparative morphology of vascular plants. 2nd ed . San Francisco : Freeman . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC FRANKENBERG , J. M. & EGGERT , D. A. 1969 . Petrified Stigmaria from North America: Part I. Stigmaria ficoides, the underground portions of Lepidodendraceae . Palaeontographica, B , 128 : 1 – 47 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HIRMER , M. 1927 . Handbuch der Paläobotanik. I . Munich and Berlin : Oldenbourg . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC LANG , W. H. 1923 . On the apparently endogenous insertion of the roots of Stigmaria. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society , 67 : 101 – 106 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LECLERQ , S. 1930 . A monograph of Stigmaria bacupensis, Scott and Lang . Annals of Botany , 44 : 31 – 54 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat NOUGAREDE , A. & LOISEAU , J.-E. 1963 . Étude morphologique des rameaux du Lycopodium selago L.; structure et fonctionnement de ľapex . Comptes rendus des Séances de ľAcademie des Sciences. Paris , 257 : 2698 – 2701 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat PIGG , K. B. & ROTHWELL , G. W. 1979 . Stem-root transition of an Upper Pennsylvanian woody lycopsid . American Journal of Botany , 66 : 914 – 924 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , F. J. 1948 . The geometry of phyllotaxis and its origin . Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology , 2 : 217 – 245 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat RIOPEL , J. L. 1966 . The distribution of lateral roots in Musa acuminata ‘Gros Micheľ . American Journal of Botany , 53 : 403 – 407 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1913 . Beiträge zur Blattstellungslehre, I. Die Theorie . Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais , 10 : 153 – 324 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1922 . On whorled phyllotaxis, I. Growth whorls . Recueil des Travaux botaniques nierlandais , 19 : 186 – 206 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1925 . On whorled phyllotaxis, II. Late binding whorls of Peperomia. Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais , 22 : 128 – 172 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1936 . On whorled phyllotaxis. III. True and false whorls . Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais , 33 : 645 – 648 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1938a . On whorled phyllotaxis, IV. Early binding whorls . Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais , 35 : 415 – 558 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCHOUTE , J. C. 1938b . Morphology. Anatomy. In Verdoorn F. (Ed.) Manual of Pteridology . The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCOTT , D. H. 1920 . Studies in Fossil Botany .3rd ed., Vol I . London : A. & C. Black . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SEWARD , A. C. 1910 . Fossil plants. II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SOLMS-LAUBACH , H. 1891 . Fossil botany . English translation by Garnsey H. E. F. revised by Balfour I. B. Oxford : Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC STEVENSON , D. W. 1976 . Observations on phyllotaxis, stelar morphology, the shoot apex and gemmae of Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux (Lycopodiaceae) . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 72 : 81 – 100 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat STEWART , W. N. 1947 . A comparative study of stigmarian appendages and Isoetes roots . American Journal of Botany , 34 : 315 – 324 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat TAIT , P. G. 1872 . On phyllotaxis . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 7 : 391 – 394 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat THOMAS , R. L. 1975 . Orthostichy, parastichy and plastochrone ratio in a central theory of phyllotaxis . Annals of Botany , 39 : 455 – 489 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat THORNLEY , J. H. M. 1975 . Phyllotaxis. I. A mechanistic model . Annals of Botany , 39 : 491 – 507 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WARDLAW , C. W. 1952 . Phytogeny and morphogenesis . London : Macmillan . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC WEISS , F. E. 1932 . A re-examination of the stigmarian problem . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, Session 144 : 151 – 166 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WILLIAMSON , W. C. 1887 . A monograph on the morphology and histology of Stigmaria ficoides , London : Palaeontographical Society . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF.

EDWARDS,, DIANNE

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00536.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A wide variety of cuticles and tubular elements is described from a late Silurian (Ludlow Series) locality in Wales which has already yielded a macroflora containing Cooksonia Lang, Steganotheca Edwards and vascularized axes. These microfossils are compared with Lang's Downtonian Nematothallus complex and Silurian assemblages of similar composition from north America. It is concluded that the majority of these microfossils derive from non-vascular plants of uncertain affinity which lived on land. cuticles, late Silurian, Nemaloplexus, Nemotolhallus, non-vascular land plants, Prototaxites, tubular elements REFERENCES BANKS , H. P. 1975a . The oldest vascular land plants: a note of caution . Review of Paleobotany and Palynology , 20 : 13 – 25 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BANKS , H. P. 1975b . Early vascular land plants: proof and conjecture . Bioscience , 25 : 730 – 737 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BANKS , H. P. 1975c . Palaeogeographic implications of some Siluro-Early Devonian floras. In Campbell K. S. W. (Ed.) Gondwana Geology : 71 – 79 . Canberra : Australian National University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CARRUTHERS , W. 1872 . On the history, histological structure and affinities of Mematophycus logani, Carr. (Prototaxites logani, Dawson) an alga of Devonian age . Monthly Microscopical Journal , 8 : 160 – 172 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat CHALONER , W. G. MENSAH , M. K. & CRANE , M. D. 1974 . Non-vascular land plants from the Devonian of Ghana . Palaeontology , 17 : 925 – 947 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPE , M.J. & CHALONER , W. G. 1980 . Fossil charcoal as evidence of past atmospheric composition . Nature 283 : 647 – 649 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat DAWSON , J. W. 1859 . On fossil plants from the Devonian Rocks of Canada . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 15 : 471 – 844 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat EDWARDS , D. 1970 Fertile Rhyniophytina from the Lower Devonian of Britain . Palaeontology , 13 : 451 – 461 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat EDWARDS , D. BASSETT , M. G. & ROGERSON , E. C. W. 1979 . The earliest vascular plants: continuing the search for proof . Lethaia , 12 : 313 – 324 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat EDWARD , D. & DAVIES , E. C. W. 1976 . Oldest recorded in situ tracheids . Mature 263 : 494 – 495 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat EDWARDS , D. EDWARDS , D. S. & RAYNER , R. J. 1982 . The cuticle of early vascular plants and its evolutionary significance. In The Plant Cuticle London : Academic Press : 341 – 361 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC EDWARDS , D. & ROGERSON , E. C. W. 1979 . New records of fertile Rhyniophytina from the late Silurian of Wales . Geological Magazine , 116 : 93 – 98 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat EISKNACK , A. 1963 . Melanoskleriten aus anstehenden Sedimenten und aus Geschieben . Paläontologisch zürnal 37 : 122 – 134 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WILLIAMS , B. P. J. (Eds). 1978 . A field guide to selected outcrop areas of the Devonian of Scotland, the Welsh Borderland and South Wales. International Symposium on the Devonian system (P.A.D.S. 78) . The Palaeontological Association . GRAY , J. & BOUCOT , A. J. 1971 . Early Silurian spore tetrads from New York: earliest New World evidence for vascular plants? Science , 173 : 918 – 921 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat GRAY , J. & BOUCOT , A. J. 1977 . Early vascular land plants: proof and conjecture . Lethaia , 10 : 145 – 174 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GRAY , J. & BOUCOT , A. J. 1978 . The advent of land plant life . Geology , 6 : 489 – 492 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GRAY , J. & BOUCOT , A. J. 1980 . Microfossils and evidence of land plant evolution . Lethaia , 13 : 174 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GRAY , J. LAUFELD , S. & BOUCOT , A. J. 1974 . Silurian trilete spores and spore tetrads from Gotland: their implications for land plant evolution . Science , 185 : 260 – 263 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat HEARD , A. 1939 . Fürther notes on Lower Devonian plants from South Wales . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 95 : 223 – 9 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HEARD , A. & JONES , J. F. 1931 . A new plant (Thallomia) showing structure, from the Downtonian rocks of Llandovery, Carmarthenshire . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , 87 : 551 – 562 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HOLLAND , C. H. LAWSON , J. D. WALMSLEY , V. G. & WHITE , D. E. 1980 . Ludlow stages . Lethaia , 13 : 268 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat JONKER , F. P. 1979 . Prototaxites in the Lower Devonian Palaeontographica B . 171 : 39 – 56 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KIDSTON , R. & LANG , W. H. 1921 . On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the peat-bed; the succession of the plants throughout a vertical section of the bed, and the conditions of accumulation and preservation of the deposit . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 52 : 855 – 902 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat KRÄUSEL , R. 1960 . Spongiophyton nov. gen. (Thallophyta) e Haplostigma Seward (Pteridophyta) no Devonians Inferior do Parana . Departments Nacional da Produccion Mineral, Division Geologica y Mineral , 15 : 1 – 4 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KRÄUSEL , R. & WEYLAND , H. 1934 . Algen im Deutschen Devon . Palaeontographica B , 79 : 131 – 142 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LANG , W. H. 1937 . On the plant-remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 227 : 245 – 291 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LANG , W. H. 1945 . Pachytheca and some anomalous early plants (Prototaxites, Nematothallus, Parka, Foerstia, Orvillea n.g.) . Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany , 52 : 535 – 552 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LYON , A. G. 1962 . On the fragmentary remains of an organism referable to the Nematophytales, from the Rhynie Chert, “Nematoplexus rhyniensis” gen. et sp. nov . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 65 : 79 – 87 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat McGRKGOR , D. C. & NARBONNE , G. M. 1978 . Upper Silurian trilete spores and other microfossils from the Read Bay Formation, Cornwallis Island, Canadian Arctic . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 15 : 1292 – 1303 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat NIKLAS , K. J. 1980 . Paleobiochemical techniques and their applications to paleobotany . Progress in Phytochemistry , 6 : 143 – 181 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat NIKLAS , K.J. & PRATT , L. M. 1980 . Evidence for lignin-like constituents in early Silurian (Llandoverian) plant fossils . Science , 209 : 396 – 397 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat POTTER , J. F. & PRICE , J. H. 1965 . Comparative sections through rocks of Ludlovian-Downtonian age in the Llandovery and Llandeilo Districts . Proceedings of the Geologists Association , 76 : 379 – 402 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat PRATT , L. M. PHILLIPS , T. L. & DENNISON , J. M. 1978 . Evidence of non-vascular land plants from the early Silurian (Llandoverian) of Virginia, U.S.A . Review of Paleobotany and Palynology , 25 : 121 – 149 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDSON , J. B. & LISTER , T. R. 1969 . Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian spore assemblages from the Welsh Borderland and South Wales . Palaeontology , 12 : 201 – 252 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ROLFE , W. D. I. 1962 . The cuticle of some Middle Silurian Ceratiocaridia Crustacea from Scotland . Palaeontology , 5 : 30 – 51 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ROLFE , W. D. I. 1969 . Phyllocarida. In Moore R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate palaeontology, Part R: 296–331 . Geological Society of America . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCHOPF , J. M. 1978 . Foerstia and recent interpretation of early, vascular land plants . Lethaia , 11 : 139 – 143 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SCHMID , R. 1976 . Septal pores in Prototaxites, an Enigmatic Devonian plant . Science , 191 : 287 – 288 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat STACE , C. A. 1965 . Cuticular studies as an aid to plant taxonomy . Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 4 ( 1 ), Botany Series: 1 – 78 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat STØRMER , L. 1935 . Dictyocaris Salter, a large crustacean from the upper Silurian and Downtonian . Norsk Geologisk Tidskrifl , 15 : 267 – 298 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat STROTHER , P. K. & TRAVERSE , A. 1979 . Plant microfossils from Llandoverian and Wenlockian rocks of Pennsylvania . Palynology , 3 : 1 – 21 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ZDEBSKA , D. 1978 . On Spongiophyton from the Lower Devonian of Poland . Acta Palaeobotanika , 19 : 13 – 20 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

BACON, P., S.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00537.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The genus Merremia is found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. The climbing species with fast growth rates can become troublesome weeds of cultivation and forestry. Serveral Merremia species have become serious weeds of forestry plantations in the Solomon Islands. The important species are discussed and a new species, Merremia bracteata, found in Merremia infestations is described. Convolvulaceae, forestry, Merremia, Solomon Islands, weeds REFERENCES ANON 1967 . Control of Merremia vine in the far north . Cane Growers Quarterly Bulletin , 31 : 50 – 51 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ANON 1980 . Progress report 1973–79 by the forestry division of the Solomon Islands . 11th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1980 . BACON , P. S. 1981 . Thebiology and control of the weed Merremia inforest plantation areas of the Solomon Islands . M.Sc Thesis , Technology of Crop Protection, University of Reading . DUBEY , P. S. 1974 . Resistance of the weed Merremia gangetica (Lin.) Cuf. I. Against mechanical injuries . Vikram , 18 : 47 – 49 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat DUBEY , P. S. & MALL , L. P. 1973 . Resistance of the weed Merremia gangetica (Linn.) Cuf. against herbicides . Biologia , 6 : 66 – 69 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat DUBEY , P. S. & MALL , L. P. 1974 . Regeneration in the weed Merremia gangetica (Linn.) Cuf . Bolanique , 5 : 95 – 98 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LAMB , D. 1975 . Weed control in tropical forest plantations using glyphosate . Pest Articles and Newsletters , 21 : 177 – 81 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ROBINSON , W. G. & SINGH , J. M. 1973 . Effects and economics of weed control in Bananas . Fiji Agricultural Journal , 35 : 85 – 88 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat THOTHATHRI , K. BANERJEE , S. P. & HAZRA , P. K. 1975 . Merremia peltata (Linn.) Merr. (Convolvulaceae)–a new record to Indian flora from Great Nicobar Island . Current Science , 44 : 95 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat VAN OOSTROOM , S. J. 1939 . Two new species of Merremia from Fiji, representatives of a new section, Wavula (Convolvulaceae) . Blumea , 2 : 263 – 266 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat VAN OOSTROOM , S J & HOOGLAND , R. D. 1953 . Convolvulaceae in Flora Malesiana , 4 : 439 – 454 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat WHITMORE , T. C. 1966 . Guide to the Forests of the British Solomon Islands . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes * Present address: 307 London Road, Isleworth, Middlesex.