Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

RICHARDS, A., J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02169.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The genus Taraxacum is readily divided into “primitive” and “advanced” forms, on morphological and cytological criteria. It is thought that the genus arose in the west Himalayas during the Cretaceous and that apomixis arose at an early stage by means of polyploidy, precocious embryony and asynapsis in the female meiosis. Advances of sexual primitive types and “precursor” types west into Europe were paralleled by the spread of arctic-alpine types into many regions of the world. During the Pleistocene the precursor types are thought to have generated the widespread advanced section Ceratophora, which gave rise to many of the advanced species after the last glacial period by hybridizing with primitive and precursor sexuals, thus “fixing” a hybrid swarm as apomicts. REFERENCES CHEARNEY , R. W. & MASON , H. L. 1936 . A Pleistocene flora from Fairbanks, Alaska . Am. Mus. Novit ., No. 887 : 17 . CHRISTIANSEN , M. P. 1942 . The Taraxacum-flora of Iceland . The botany of Iceland , 3 : 236 – 343 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat DOLL , K & PANKOW , H. 1968 . Über die Verbreitung von Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. in Mecklenburg . Wiss. Z. Univ. Rostock , 17 : 325 – 347 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat DOROFEEV , P. I. 1963 . Tretichnge Hony Zapadnoi Sibiri , 344 pp., 50 pl. Moscow & Leningrad . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC ENGLESKJØN , T. 1967 . Cyto-embryological studies in arctic-alpine Taraxaca. 1 . The Bear Island Taraxacum. Nytt Mag. Bot ., 14 : 125 – 137 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat EKLANDSSON , S. 1939 . The chromosome numbers of some Taraxacum species . Bot. Notiser , 1939 : 262 – 264 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat EAGERLID , A. 1968 . Studier over vestnorske Taraxacum spectabilia . Blyttia , 26 : 112 – 124 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat FLOVIK , K. 1940 . Chromosome numbers and polyploidy within the flora of Spitzbergen . Hereditas , 26 : 430 . 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Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GRIPFITHS , T. 1929 . A note on the periodicity of leaf-form in Taraxacum officinale Wigg . New Phytol ., 23 : 154 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1932 . Zytologische und experirnenteller Studien in der Gattung Taruxacum . Hereditas , 16 : 41 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1933 . Über die Teilung der Enibryomutterzelle bei Taraxacum . Bot. Notiser , 1933 : 531 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1935a . Primary and secondary association in Taraxacum . Hereditas , 20 : 1 – 31 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1935b . Studies on the mechanism of parthenogenesis . Hereditas , 21 : 1 – 111 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1937 . The occurrence of a sexual population within the apomictic Taraxacum vulgare group . Bot. Notiser , 1937 : 332 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat GUSTAFSSON , A. 1947 . Apomixis in higher plants 1–111 . Act. Univ. Lund , 42 ( 3 ), 43 ( 2 ), 43 ( 12 ). HAGENDIJK , A VAN SOEST , J. L. & ZEVENBERGEN , H. A. 1971 . Die verspreiding van Taraxacum sectio Spectabilia Dahlst. in Nederland . Gorteria , 5 : 147 – 148 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HANDEL-MAZZETH , H. VON 1907 . Monographie der Gattung Taraxacum . Leipzig & Wien . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HANSEN , K. 1963 . Vascular plants in the Faeroes . Dansk. bot. Ark ., 24 : 112 – 117 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HARAN , N. 1952 . Apomixis in Taraxacum cyprium Lindb . Palestine J. Bot ., 5 : 237 – 247 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HOFSTEN , C. G. VON 1954 . Studier över släktet Taraxacum Wigg . med särskild Hänvisning till Gruppen Vulgaria Dt. i Skandinavien . Stockholm : von Hofsten . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HOLMEN , K. 1952 . Cytological studies in the Flora of Peary Land, North Greenland . Meddr Grønland , 128 : 5 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HOY-LIU , S. 1963 . The chromosome numbers of some Taraxacum species . Act. bot. neerl ., 12 : 76 – 83 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HULTÉN , E. 1950 . Atlas över Växternas Utbredning i Norden . Stockholm . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC JÖRGENSEN , C. A. SÖRENSEN , T & WESTERGAARD , M. 1958 . The flowering plants of Greenland, a taxonomical and cytological survey . Biol. Skr ., 9 : 1 – 172 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KAPPERT , H. 1954 . Morphology in Taraxacum. Ber. bot. bot. Ges ., 67 : 325 . KITAMURA , S. 1957 . Compositae Japonicae, VI; Taraxacum Wigg . Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto (Ser. B) , 24 : 1 – 43 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LILJEFORS , A. 1955 . Cytological studies in Sorbus . Acta Horti Bergiani , 17 : 47 – 113 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1961 . Studies in the mode of reproduction of the diploid endemic species Taraxacum pieninicum Pawl . Acta biol. cracov ., 4 : 25 – 42 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1962 . Cytological studies in the genus Taraxacum . Acta biol. cracov ., 4 : 117 – 136 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1964 . Multinucleate pollen grains in Taraxacum serotinum . Acta biol. cracov ., 7 : 107 – 116 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1965 . Embryological studies in Taraxacum palustre . Acta biol. cracov ., 8 : 223 – 235 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1967a . Chromosome numbers of 5 Taraxacum-species from Mongolia . Acta biol. cracov ., 10 : 73 – 83 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1967b . Cytoembryological studies in Taraxacum scanicum . Acta biol. cracov ., 10 : 195 – 206 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1967c . Processes of intraspecific differentiation in the genus Taraxacum . Genet. pol ., 8 : 185 – 188 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1969 . Further cyto-taxonomic studies in the genus Taraxacum section Erythrosperma Dt . Acta biol. cracov ., 12 : 57 – 70 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1970 . Cyto-taxonomic studies in the genus Taraxacum section Palustria Dahlstedt . Acta biol. cracov ., 13 : 155 – 168 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MALECKA , J. 1971 . Cyto-taxonomical and embryological investigations on a natural hybrid between Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and T. officinale Web. and their putative parent species . Acta biol. cracov ., 14 : 179 – 197 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MURBECK , S. 1904 . Parthenogenesis bei den Gattungen Taraxacum und Hieracium . Bot. Notiser , 1904 : 285 – 296 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MOSQUIN , T & HAYLEY , D. E. 1966 . Chromosome numbers and taxonomic problems in Canadian arctic plants . Can. J. Bot ., 44 : 1213 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat PODDUBNAJA-ARNOLDI , V. 1939a . The development of pollen and embryo-sac in interspecific hybrids of Taraxacum . C. r. Acad. Sci. URSS , 24 : 374 – 377 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat PODDUBNAJA-ARNOLDI , V. 1939b . Embryogenesis in remote hybridization in the genus Taraxacum . C. r. Acad. Sci. URSS , 24 : 382 – 385 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat PODDUBNAJA-ARNOLDI , V & DIANOVA , V. 1934 . Eine zytoembryologische Untersuchungen einiger Arten der Gattung Taraxacum . Planta , 23 : 1 – 46 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1968 . The biosystematics of Taraxacum . Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Durham , England . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC RICHARDS , A. J. 1969 . In A. Löve, I.O.P.B. chromosome number reports , Taxon , 18 ; 360 – 362 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1970a . Eutriploid facultative agamospermy in Taraxacum . New Phytol ., 69 : 761 – 774 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1970b . Hybridization in Taraxacum . New Phytol ., 69 : 1103 – 1121 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1970c . Observations on Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma Dt. em. Lindb. fil. in Slovakia . Acta Far. Rerum nat. Univ. comen., Bratisl., Bot ., 18 : 81 – 120 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1972a . Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes in Taraxacum . Bot. J. Linn. Soc ., 65 : 37 – 45 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1972b . The karyology of some Taraxacum species from alpine regions of Europe . Bot. J. Linn. Soc ., 65 : 47 – 59 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1972c . In A. Löve, I.O.P.B. chromosome number reports . Taxon , 21 : 165 – 166 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat RICHARDS , A. J. 1972d . The Taraxacum flora of the British Isles . Watsonia , Suppl . SEARS , P. B. 1922 . Variation in cytology and gross morphology in Taraxacum . Bot. Gaz ., 73 : 308 – 326 . 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Tidsskr ., 54 : 1 – 22 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SORENSEN , T & GUDJONSSON , G. 1946 . Spontaneous chromosome aberrants in apomictic Taraxaca . Biol. Skr ., 4 : 1 – 48 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat STEBBINS , G. L. 1971 . Chromosomal evolution in higher plants . London : Edward Arnold . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC TAKEMOTO , T. 1954 . Cytological studies on Taraxacum . Jap. J. Genet ., 29 : 312 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat TAKHTAJAN , A. 1969 . Flowering plants, origin and dispersal . Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC WENDELBO , P. 1959 . Taraxacum gotlandicum, a Pre-Boreal relic in the Norwegian Flora Nytt Mag. Bot ., 7 : 161 – 167 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat WENDELBO , P. 1964 . Taraxacum seksjonen Obliqua i Norge . Blyttia , 22 : 167 – 175 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

STERLING,, CLARENCE

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02170.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The pistil of Colchicum is syncarpous, the carpels having open sutures or well-marked commissures and many bitegmic ovules of variable orientation. Although the vascularization of the carpel is also variable, there are usually three dorsal bundles and three alternate, septal bundles at the base of the pistil, with occasionally some placental bundles at that level. More often the placental bundles, differentiating basipetally, appear to establish connections with the septal bundles higher up, at the lowermost ovular insertion level. The septal bundles divide in two more frequently in pistils in which the carpellary suture is open than in those in which it is closed. REFERENCES BAKER , J. G. 1880 . A synopsis of Colchicaceae and the aberrant tribes of Liliaceae . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) , 17 : 405 – 510 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BALL , E. 1949 . The shoot apex and normal plant of Lupinus albus L., bases for experimental morphology . Am. J. Bot ., 36 : 440 – 454 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BAUM , H. 1949 . Ontogenetische Beobachtungen an einkarpelligen Griffeln und Griffelenden . Öst. bot. Z ., 95 : 362 – 372 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BELL , C. R. (Ed.), 1958 . Index to plant chromosome numbers for 1957 . Chapel Hill, N.C. : Univ. N. Carolina Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC BELL , C. R. (Ed.), 1959 . Index to plant chromosome numbers. Supplement (previous to 1956) . Chapel Hill, N.C. : Univ. N. Carolina Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC BUXBAUM , F. 1937 . Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. I. Die Wurmbaeoideae . Bot. Archiv , 38 : 213 – 293 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COOK , J. W. & LOUDON , I. 1952 . Colchicine . In Manske & Holmes The alkaloids, chemistry and physiology, II . New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC EIGSTI , O. J. & DUSTIN , P. , Jr. 1955 . Colchicine—in Agriculture, medicine, biology, and chemistry . Ames, Iowa : Iowa State Coll. Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC EL-HAMIDI , A. 1952 . Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen am Gynoeceum der Unterfamilien Melanthioideae und Asphodeloideae der Liliaceae . Arb. Inst. allg. Bot. Univ. Zürich (Ser. A) , No. 4 . FURLANI , J. 1904 . Zur Embryologie von Colchicum autumnale L . Öst. bot. Z ., 54 : 318 – 324 , 373 –379. Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GATIN , V. C. 1920 . Recherches anatomiques sur le pédoncle et la fleur des Liliacées . Revue gén. Bot ., 32 : 369 – 437 , 460 –528, 561 –591. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HEIMANN-WINAWER , P. 1919 . Beiträge zur Embryologie von Colchicum autumnale L . Arb. Inst. allg. Bot. Univ. Zurich , 21 . HUTCHINSON , J. 1934 . The Families of Flowering Plants. II. Monocotyledons . London : Macmillan . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC KRAUSE , K. 1930 . Liliaceae . In Engler Prantl Die natürlichen Pflunzenfamilien , 2nd ed., 15a: 227 – 386 . Leipzig : Engelmann . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC STEFANOFF , B. 1926 . Monographie der Gattung Colchicum L . Sofia : Bulgar. Acad. Sci . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC STERLING , C. 1964 . Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Rosaceae. I. Prunoideae : Prunus. Am. J. Bot ., 51 : 36 – 44 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat STERLING , C. 1972 . Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Neodregeae . Bot. J. Linn. Soc ., 65 : 163 – 171 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat STERLING , C. 1973 . Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Wurmbaeae . Bot. J. Linn. Soc ., 66 : 75 – 82 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat VAN TIEGHEM , P. 1875 . Recherches six la structure du pistil et sur l'anatomie comparée de la fleur . Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. Pr. (sér. 2) . 21 : 1 – 261 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat WILDMAN , W. C. & PUKSEY , B. A. 1968 . Colchicine and related compounds . In Manske, The alkaloids, chemistry and physiology. XI . New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF.

WERKER,, ELLA;DAFNI,, A.;NEGBI,, M.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02171.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Anatomical features of seeds of Prosopis farcata (Banks & Solander) Eig, collected at nine localities from various geographical regions and habitats in Israel, were studied. The seeds differ in size, shape and colour, and also in the cracking ability of the surface layer and whether the palisade layer peels off from the rest of the testa upon imbibition or not. The gum extruded during imbibition is formed in gum cavities extending from the endosperm throughout the testa up to the palisades. Water penetration is apparently barred by the outermost wall layers of the external cells of the testa (palisade caps). REFERENCES ANDERSON , E. 1949 . Endosperm mucilage of legumes occurrence and composition . Ind. Engng Chem ., 41 : 2887 – 2890 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ANDERSON , E & SANDS , L. 1926 . The composition of mesquite gum: the isolation of d-galactose and I-arabinose . J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 48 : 3172 – 3177 . 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Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WHITE , J. 1908 . The occurrence of an impermeable cuticle on the exterior of certain seeds . Proc. R. Soc. Vict ., 21 : 203 – 210 . (Cited by Watson, 1948.). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

STANT, MARGARET, Y.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02172.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The scanning electron microscope is used to examine epidermal preparations belonging to three species of Gibasis, a genus allied to Tradescantia. The surface topography of the leaf is exposed for investigation at high magnifications, the observations add new information about structural projections from the surface and contribute to an understanding of silica deposition and its organization. Hairs of three main types occur: (1) short two-celled trichomes, hook or prickle hairs, (2) long uniseriate hairs consisting of four to six cells, (3) three-celled glandular micro-hairs. The arrangement and shape of epidermal cells and stomata are reported. Epidermal papillae were observed for the first time in two of the three species; their morphology is described in detail and their spacing expressed mathematically. Variations in the structure and distribution of silica cells are depicted, and new aspects of the silica bodies are displayed in relief. The taxonomic significance of these anatomical characters is discussed in relation to species and chromosome numbers. REFERENCES CLARK , P. J. & EVANS , F. C. 1954 . Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations . Ecology , 35 : 445 – 453 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ECHLIN , P PADEN , R DRONZEK , B & WAYTE , R. 1970 . Scanning electron microscopy of labile biological material maintained under controlled conditions . Proc. 3rd Ann. SEA4 Symp ., 51 – 56 , Chicago : I.I.T. Res. Inst . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HESLOP-HARRISON , J. 1969 . The origin of surface features of the pollen wall of Tagetes patula as observed by scanning electron microscopy . Cytobios , 1 ; 177 – 186 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HESLOP-HARRISON , Y & HESLOP-HARRISON , J. 1969 . Scanning electron microscopy of leaf surfaces . Proc. 2nd Ann. SEM Symp ., 119 – 126 . Chicago : I.I.T. Ren. Inst . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HEYWOOD , V. H. 1971 . Scanning electron microscopy, systematic and evolutionary applications . The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 4 . London : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC JONES , K COLDEN , C & HUNT , D. 1969 . Contributions to the cytotaxonomy of the Commelinaceae. 1. Tradescantia geniculata and its allies . Bot. J. Linn. Soc ., 62 : 205 – 221 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat JONES , K PAPAS-MIRKOVIC , D & HUNT , D. 1973 . Contributions to the cytotaxonomy of the Commelinaceae. II. Further observations on Gibasis geniculata and its allies . Bot. J. Linn. Soc . (in press). METCALFE , C. R. 1960 . Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. I. Gramineae . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC METCALFE , C. R. 1971 . Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SANGSTER , A. G. 1968 . Studies of opaline silica deposits in the leaf of Sieglingia decum bens L. ‘Bernh.’, using the scanning electron microscope . Ann. Bot. (N.S.) , 32 : 237 – 240 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat TOMLINSON , P. B. 1969 . Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. III. Commelinales-Zingiberales . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF.

JACKSON, BETTY, P.;JETHWA, KESHAVLAL, R.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02173.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The detailed morphology and anatomy of leaves of Bersama abyssinica collected in Kenya and Uganda is described. Certain differences are noted between the leaves of subsp. abyssinica and subsp. paullinioides and the significance of these is discussed. It is suggested that palisade ratio values might be a possible means of differentiating between the two subspecies. REFERENCES BAKER , J. G. 1868 . Bersama . In D. Oliver (Ed.), Flora of Tropical Africa , 1 : 433 – 435 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat FRESENIUS , G. 1837 . Ueber die neue Gattung Bersama . Mus. Senckenb ., 2 : 279 – 282 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat JETHWA , K. R. & JACKSON , B. P. 1971 . Constituents of the leaves of Bersama abyssinica . Lloydia , 34 : 301 – 305 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat KUPCHAN , S. M. HEMINGWAY , R. J. & HEMINGWAY , J. C. 1968 . The isolation and characterisation of hcllebrigenin-3 acetate and hellebrigenin-3–5 diacetate, bufadienolide tumour inhibitors from Bersama abyssinica . Tetrahedron Lett ., 1968 : 149 – 152 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat KUPCHAN , S. M. & OGNYANOV , I. 1969 . The isolation and structural elucidation of a novel naturally-occurring bufadienolide orthoacetate . Tetrahedron Lett ., 1969 : 1709 – 1712 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LOCK , J. A. 1962 . Cardiotonic substances from Bersama abyssinica Fres. subsp . abyssinica. J. Pharm. Pharmacol . 14 : 496 – 502 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat VERDCOURT , B. 1950 . Notes on the genus Bersama in Africa . Kew Bull ., 5 : 233 – 244 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.