Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

MOORE, D., M.;HARBORNE, J., B.;WILLIAMS, CHRISTINE, A.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02307.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Thirty-one flavonoids (and related phenolics) were found in leaves of the six species in the three genera of Empetraceae (90 populations studied) and five further pigments in fruits of Empetrum. Affinity with the Ericaceae is supported by the occurrence of the 3-galactosidesof gossypetin, malvidin, delphinidin, cyanidin and peonidin. The distribution of leaf flavonoids agrees with both the recognition of three genera and species-delimitation in Ceratiola and Corema. In Empetrum, the flavonoids differ modally in the three species usually accepted, thus confirming data on fruit colour and breeding systems, and suggesting that the genus comprises one species with about three subspecies at diploid and tetraploid levels. The black fruits of most Northern Hemisphere plants contain malvidin, petunidin and delphinidin, while the red fruits of almost all Southern Hemisphere populations (E. rubrum) contain cyanidin and peonidin and provide a rare example of the association of cyanidin (instead of delphinidin) with the wild-type allele. In leaf flavonoid content the diploid E. nigrum is much closer to its presumed tetraploid derivative E. eamesii than to the diploid E. rubrum, which differs most from E. eamesii. Flavonoid patterns and breeding system distinguish most E. rubrum populations from those isolated in Tristan da Cunha-Gough Island. The phytogeographical importance of the phytOGhemical results is discussed. REFERENCES BAKER , H. G 1955 . Self-compatibility and establishment after “long-distance” dispersal . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa ., 9 : 347 – 348 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BATE-SMITH , E. C 1968 . The phenolic constituents of plants and their taxonomic significance. II Monocotyledons . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) , 60 : No. 383 : 325 – 356 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BATE-SMITH , E. C DAVENPORT , S. M & HARBORNE , J. B 1967 . Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids–III. A correlation between chemistry and plant geography in the genus Eucryphia . Phytochem ., 6 : 1407 – 1413 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BEALE , G. H 1941 . Gene relations and synthetic processes . J. Genet ., 42 : 197 – 214 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BLACKBURN , K. B 1938 . The occurrence of a hermaphrodite plant of Empetrum nigrum L . J. Bot., Lond ., 76 : 306 – 307 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat CHALLICE , J. S & WILLIAMS , A. H 1968 . Phenolic compounds of the genus Pyrus.–II. A chemotaxonomic survey . Phytochem ., 7 : 1781 – 1801 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat CUNNINGHAM , R. O 1871 . Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and the west coast of Patagonia, made during the voyage of H.M.S. “Nassau” in the years 1866–69, Edinburgh . LOOSE DE R 1970 . Flavonoid pigments in flowers of Rhododendron species and hybrids . Phytochem ., 9 : 875 – 879 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat FRANCIS , F. J HARBORNE , J. B & BAKER , W. G 1966 . Anthocyanins in the Lowbush Blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium . J. Food. Sci ., 31 : 583 – 587 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GOOD , R. D'O 1927 . The genus Empetrum L . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot .), 47 : 489 – 523 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HAGERUP , O 1927 . Empetrum hermaphroditum (Lge) Hagerup. A new tetraploid bisexual species . Dansk bot. Ark ., 5 : 1 – 17 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HAGERUP , O 1941 . Zytookologische Bicornes-Studien . Planta , 32 : 6 – 14 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HAGERUP , O 1946 . Studies on the Empetraceae . Danske Vid. Selsk. Biol. Meddel ., 205 : 1 – 50 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HARBORNE , J. B 1962 . Occurrence of azalein and related pigments in flowers of Plumbago and Rhododendron species . Archs Biochem. Biophys ., 96 : 171 – 178 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HARBORNE , J. B 1967 . Comparative biochemistry of the flavonoids . London and New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HARBORNE , J. B 1968 . Biochemical systematics–the use of chemistry in plant classification. In Reinhold , L & Liwschitz , Y (eds.), Progress in Phytochemistry , I , 545 – 588 . London : Interscience Publ. . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HARBORNE , J. B 1969 . Gossypetin and herbacetin as taxonomic markers in higher plants . Phytochem ., 8 : 177 – 183 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat HAYASHI , K SUZUSHINU , G & OUCHI , K 1951 . Anthocyanins. XX. Empetrin, a new pigment from the Japanese crowberry . Proc. Japan Acad ., 27 : 430 – 435 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat HEGNAUER , R 1966 . Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen . Vol. IV . Basel : Birkhauser-Verlag . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC LANJOUW , J & STAFLEU , F. A 1964 . Index herbariorum. Pt. 1. The herbaria of the world . 5th ed. Regnum veg ., 31 : 1 – 251 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LÖVE , D 1960 . The red-fruited Crowberries in North America . Rhodora , 62 : 265 – 292 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LÖVE , Á & LÖVE , D 1959 . Biosystematics of the Black Crowberries of America . Can. J. Genet. Cytol ., 1 : 34 – 38 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat LÖVE , Á & LÖVE , D 1961 . Chromosome numbers of Central and Northwest European plant species . Op. bot. Soc. bot. Lund ., 5 : 1 – 581 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat LÖVE , A & LÖVE , D 1966 . Cytotaxonomy of the alpine vascular plants of Mount Washington . Univ. Colo. Stud. Ser. Biol , No. 24 : 1 – 74 . MAHESHWARI , P 1950 . An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms . New York, Toronto and London : McGraw-Hill . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC MENTZ , A 1912 . The structure and biology of Arctic flowering plants. 1.3. Empetraceae, Empetrum nigrum L . Meddr. Granland , 36 : 155 – 167 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MILLER , H. E MABRY , T. J TURNER , B. L & PAYNE , W. W 1968 . Infraspecific variation of sesquiterpene lactones in Ambrosiapsilostachya (Compositae) . Am. J. Bot ., 55 : 316 – 324 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MIROV , N. T 1967 . The Genus Pinus . New York : Ronald Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC MOONEY , H. A & EMBODEN , W. A 1968 . The relationships of terpene composition, morphology, and distribution of populations of Bursera microphylla (Burseraceae) . Brittonia , 20 : 44 – 51 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MOORE , D. M 1967 . Chromosome numbers of Falkland Islands angiosperms . Br, Antarct. Surv. Bull ., No. 14 : 69 – 82 . MOORE , D. M 1968 . The vascular flora of the Falkland Islands . Brit. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rep ., No. 60 : 1 – 202 . SAMUELSSON , G 1913 . Studien fiber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Blfiten einiger Bicornes-Typen. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der systematischen Stellung der Diapensiaceen und Empetraceen . Svensk hot. Tidskr ., 7 : 97 – 188 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SCORA , R. W 1967 . Study of the essential leaf oils of the genus Monarda (Labiatae) . Am. J. Bot ., 54 : 446 – 452 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SKOTTSBERG , C. J. F 1913 . A botanical survey of the Falkland Islands . K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl ., 50 : 1 – 129 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SOKAL , R. R & SNEATH , P. H. A 1963 . Principles of numerical taxonomy . San Francisco : Freeman . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SORSA , V 1963 . Chromosomenzahlen Finnischer Kormophyten II . Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn ., ( Ser. A. , IV Biol), 68 : 1 – 14 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat TAKHTAJAN , A 1969 . Flowering Plants, Origin and Dispersal . Edinburgh : Oliver Boyd . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC TAYLOR , R. J & CAMPBELL , D 1969 . Biochemical systematics and phylogenetic interpretations in the genus Aquilegia. Evolution, Lancaster, Pa ., 23 : 153 – 162 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat VASSILIEV , V 1949 . Empetraceae in Komarov , V. L (ed), Flora U.S.S.R ., 14 : 511 – 517 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ZAVARIN , E. , SAJBERK REICHER , T & TSIEN , E 1970 . On the geographic variability of the monoterpenes from the cortical blister oleoresin of Abies lasiocarpa . Phytochem ., 9 : 377 – 395 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

FERGUSON, I., K.;WEBB, D., A.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02308.xpmid: N/A

Abstract The pollen morphology of 105 species of Saxifraga has been investigated. Four major types of sexine pattern are recognized, namely reticulate, granular, striate and very finely striate with superimposed granules or verrucae. The striate pattern is found to be the most common and is divided into eight subtypes. The types and subtypes are related to the sections recognized in the genus and are generally found to support the existing classifications. The pollen-types also clarify some of the longstanding problems but leave others unresolved, and some exceptional patterns occur within otherwise well-defined sections. REFERENCES HOOKER , J. D 1865 . Saxifragaceae . In Bentham , G & Hooker , J. D Genera plantarum , p. 655 . London . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC ENGLEH , A 1872 . Monographie der Gattung Saxifraga L. Breslau . ENGLER , A 1891 . Saxifragaceae . In Engler , A & Prantl , K Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien , III , 2 : 41 – 93 . Leipzig. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ENGLER , A & IRMSCHER , E 1916–1919 . Saxifraga . In Engler, A., DasPflanzenreich , IV , 117 ( 1 ): 1 – 709 . Leipzig. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ERDTMAN , G 1943 . An introduction to pollen analysis . Waltham, Mass : Chronica Botanica . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC ERDTMAN , G 1952 . Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. Angiosperms . Uppsala : Almquist & Wiksell . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC ERDTMAN , G 1960 . The acetolysis method . Svensk hot. Tidskr ., 54 : 561 – 564 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat ERDTMAN , G 1969 . Handbook of palynology. An introduction to the study of pollen grains and spores . Copenhagen : Munksgaard . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC FAEGRI , K & IVERSEN , J 1964 . Textbook of pollen analysis . Copenhagen : Munksgaard . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HAWORTH , A. H 1812 . Synopsis plantarum succulentarum . London . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HAWORTH , A. H 1821 . Saxifragearum enumeratio . London . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC HUBER , H 1963 . Saxifraga. In Hegi , Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa , IV ( 2 ), Lief.2/3: 130 – 218 . München : Hansel . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCHWAIGHOFER , K. F 1908 . 1st Zahlbrucknera als eigene Gattung beizubehalten oder wieder mit Saxifraga zu vereinigen Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien , 117 : 1 – 28 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SERINGE , N. C 1830 . Saxifraga . In de Candolle , A. P Prodromussystematis naturalis , 4 : 17 – 47 Paris. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SMALL , J. K 1905 . Saxifragaceae. In North American flora , 22 ( 2 ): 81 – 158 New York Botanical Garden . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SMITH , H 1958 . Saxifraga of the Himalaya I. Section Kabschia . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Bot.) , 2 : 85 – 129 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat SÜNDERMANN , F 1915 . Saxifraga aretioides×media G. Benth. et Walk . Allg. bot. Z ., 21 : 23 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF.

SCURFIELD,, G.;SILVA, S., R.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02309.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine the surface architecture, before and after various chemical treatments, of the pits in the walls of vessels, vasicentric and fibre tracheids, and parenchyma cells, which together make up the wood of Eucalyptus regnans. The treatments included water at 150°C under pressure, hydrofluoric acid, delignifying agents and potassium permanganate. All bordered pits were vestured; half-bordered pits were vestured, partially vestured or non-vestured. No distinction could be made between warts and vestures on morphological or chemical grounds. An hypothesis is advanced which relates vesture formation to prolongation of the activity of the protoplast in pits as the cells die. Vestures, on the basis of this hypothesis, could be regarded as enlarged or conglomerate warts. REFERENCES BAILEY , I. W 1933 . The cambium and its derivative tissues. VII. Structure, distribution, and diagnostic significance of vestured pits in dicotyledons . J. Arnold Arbor ., 14 : 259 – 273 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BRAUNS , F. E & BRAUNS , D. A 1960 . The Chemistry of Lignin . Suppl. vol. New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC CÔTÉ , W. A & DAY , A. C 1962 . Vestured pits–fine structure and apparent relationship with warts . Tappi , 45 : 906 – 910 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat CÔTÉ , W. A DAY , A. C & TIMEIX , T. E 1968 . Distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of tamarack . Wood Set. Technol ., 2 : 13 – 37 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat FOSTER , R. C 1967 . Fine structure of tyloses in three species of the Myrtaceae . Aust. J. Bot ., 15 : 25 – 34 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat KALISCH , J. H 1967 . Nitric acid pulping. Tappi , 50 ( 12 ): 44A – 51A . LIESE , W 1965 . The fine structure of bordered pits in softwoods. In Coté , W. A (ed.), Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants . Syracuse, N.Y. : Univ. of Syracuse Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCHMID , R 1965 . The fine structure of pits in hardwoods. In Coté , W. A (ed.), Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants . Syracuse, N.Y. : Univ. of Syracuse Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCHMID , R & MACHADO , R. D 1964 . Zur Entstehung und Feinstruktur skulpturierter Hoftüpfel bei Leguminosen . Planta , 60 : 612 – 626 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SCURFIELD , G 1967a . The ultrastructure of reaction wood differentiation . Holzforschung , 21 : 6 – 13 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SCURFIELD , G 1967b . Histochemistry of reaction wood differentiation in Pinus radiata D. Don . Aust. J. Bot ., 15 : 377 – 392 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat SCURFIELD , G & SILVA , S. R 1969a . Scanning electron microscopy applied to a study of the structure and properties of wood. Proc. 2nd Annual Scanning Electron Microscopy Symposium, Chicago 1969 , Chicago : I.I. T. Research Institute . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC SCURFIELD , G & SILVA , S. R 1969b . The structure of reaction wood as indicated by scanning electron microscopy . Aust. J. Bot ., 17 : 391 – 402 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WARDROP , A. B 1964 . The structure and formation of the cell wall in xylem. In Zimmermann (ed.), Formation of Wood in Forest Trees . Syracuse, N.Y. : Univ. of Syracuse Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC WARDROP , A. B & DAVIES , G. W 1962 . Wart structure of Gymnosperm tracheids . Nature, Lond ., 194 : 497 – 498 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat WARDROP , A. B INGLE , H. D & DAVIES , G. W 1963 . Nature of vestured pits in angiosperms . Nature, Lond ., 197 : 202 – 203 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat YAMANAKA , K & HARADA , H 1968 . The ultrastructure of vessel walls in certain species of Dipterocarpaceae . Bull. Kyoto Univ. Forests , No. 40 : 293 – 300 . This content is only available as a PDF.

MARCHANT, C., J.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02310.xpmid: N/A

Abstract A cytological survey of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. populations in Canada and north-eastern U.S.A. establishes the widespread and seemingly exclusive occurrence of the 2n= 62 chromosome number in that region. The data indicate that the introduced and relict populations of S. alterniflora in Southampton Water, Britain (whence arose S.×townsendii) are not cyto-logically atypical of the main body of this species in North America, and there is therefore no reason to doubt, on the grounds of aberrant chromosome number, the role of S. alterniflora as a parent of S.×townsendii. 2n = 62 is anomalous with respect to the basic number of x= 10 generally found in the genus. The present results indicate that 2n= 62 is widespread in north-eastern North American S. alterniflora, and no other chromosome number has been found in a survey of the region. But the species is wide-ranging and the possibility of 2n= 60 occurring in other areas, especially in the south of its range, cannot be ruled out. However, the only chromosome number so far confirmed in southern populations is a count of 2n= 62 from Texas. REFERENCES CHURCH , G. L 1940 . Cytotaxonomic studies in the Gramineae. Spartina, Andropogon and Panicum . Am. J. Bot ., 27 : 263 – 271 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat GOULD , F. W 1968 . Chromosome numbers of Texas grasses . Can. J. Bot ., 46 : 1315 – 1325 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MARCHANT , C. J 1963 . Corrected chromosome numbers for Spartina×townsendii and its parent species . Nature, Lond ., 199 : 929 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MARCHANT , C. J 1966 . The cytology of Spartina and the origin of S.× townsendii. Chromosomes Today , 1 : 71 – 72 ( Suppl. to Heredity, 19, 1964 ). Edinburgh London : Oliver &Boyd . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC MARCHANT , C. J 1967 . Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae) I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) , 60 : 1 – 24 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MARCHANT , C. J 1968 . Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae) II. Chromosomes, basic relationships and the problem of S.×townsendii agg . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) , 60 : 381 – 409 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat MOBBERLEY , D 1956 . Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina . Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci ., 30 : 471 – 574 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Footnotes * This work was carried out at the Plant Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. This content is only available as a PDF.

DUCKETT, JEFFREY, G.

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02311.xpmid: N/A

Abstract Gametophytes of five species of Equisetum that were studied in axenic single spore cultures are initially male or female, and the first antheridia appear on the males before the first arche-gonia on the females. The males never produce archegonia, but the females all produce antheridia later in progressively increasing numbers. The proportions of male and bisexual gametophytes are relatively constant within each species but vary greatly between species. Likewise between species there is great variation in the rate at which females later produce antheridia. Male gametophytes are smaller and grow more slowly than females, but individuals of both sexes live for the same length of time. After prolonged culture, growth rates fall to very low levels and there is necrosis of the older parts of the gametophytes; but sex organs are still produced. Initially female gametophytes have much sexually uncommitted tissue, whereas males are composed almost entirely of antheridial branches. The absence of archegonium formation on males may well be related to this lack of sexually undifferentiated tissue and the fact that the growth of the males is intimately connected with antheridium production. REFERENCES ALBAUM , H. G 1938a . Normal growth, regeneration and adventitious outgrowth formation in fern prothallia . Am. J. Bot ., 25 : 37 – 44 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat ALBAUM , H. G 1938b . Inhibitions due to growth hormones in fern prothallia and sporophytes . Am. J. Bot ., 25 : 124 – 33 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat BANBURY , C. H 1963a . Phototropisms in lower plants . Handbuch d. Pflanzenphysiologie , 17 ( 1 ): 530 – 78 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BANBURY , C. H 1963b . Geotropisms in lower plants . Handbuch d. Pflanzenphysiologie , 17 ( 2 ): 344 – 77 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat BADER , L 1963 . On the stabilization of the male sexual tendency in Musci . J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) , 58 : 377 – 42 . 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