Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440101pmid: N/A

Ikurior, Steven A; Fetuga, Babatunde L A

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440102pmid: N/A

Nigerian processed cottonseed meal was substituted for 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % portions of dietary groundnut cake on an equi‐protein basis. The diets were fed to 50 Large White and Large White × Landrace crossbed pigs from 13.9 kg average weight to 70 kg liveweight in a bi‐replicate single‐way classification trial. Average daily gain and average daily feed consumption were 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.55 and 0.56 kg; and 1.67, 1.77, 1.85, 1.84 and 1.82 kg for the respective diets. Feed/gain ratios ranged from 3.25 to 3.49. No significant differences between diets were seen for either of these parameters. Neither the gross tissue nor the jointed carcass proportions were significantly affected by cottonseed meal substitutions. The mean fresh weights of the liver and lungs decreased with increasing levels of dietary cottonseed meal but the differences were not significant. None of the pigs showed symptoms of gossypol intoxication. The data suggest that some of the Nigerian‐processed cottonseed meals can be combined in various proportions with groundnut cake to supply protein, or used singly, up to 20 %, in diets for weaner‐grower pigs.

Zumbado, Mario E; Murillo, Mario G

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440103pmid: N/A

Raw pejibaye meal, prepared using whole pejibaye fruits (Bactris gasipaes H B K), contained 0‐88g dry matter, 0.064g crude protein, 0.129g ether extract, 0043 g crude fibre and 0.619 g N‐free extract per gram of pejibaye meal. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of pejibaye meal (PM) raw {RPM), sun‐exposed (SPM), autoclaved (APM) or extruded (EPM) in diets for broilers or white Leghorn cockerels. In Experiment I, using increasing dietary levels of RPM to replace maize, broilers had significantly poorer performance as the content of RPM increased. In a second trial, no improvement in performance was noticed when 0.5 or 1.0 RPM or SPM was substituted for sorghum. However, when 0.5 or 1.0 APM replaced sorghum, broilers showed better performance than controls. When EPM was used at proportions of 0.2 and 0.4 of the diet (Experiment 3) Leghorn cockerels had a better performance than controls with maize. Again, a detrimental effect was noticed in feed intake and weight gain even with low levels of RPM. Higher levels of RPM (0.2 and 0.4) caused the birds to perform very poorly. It was concluded that inclusion of RPM depressed food intake and growth rate, as did SPM. However, APM or EPM gave a performance as good as or better than maize or sorghum controls. PM could replace the grain portion of diets for chickens if it is suitably heat‐treated.

Bertin, Chantal; Rouau, Xavier; Thibault, Jean‐François

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440104pmid: N/A

Fibrous fractions were prepared from sugar beet pulp (RF) by sequential extractions with potassium oxalate, 0.05 M hydrochloric acid at 85°C and 0.05 m sodium hydroxide at 4°C. The overall composition, polysaccharide structure and some physico‐chemical properties (cation exchange capacity, CEC; water holding capacity, WHC; swelling) of each fraction were determined. RF was mostly composed of carbohydrates (66.3 %) with minor amounts of ash, proteins and lignin. The main polysaccharides were highly methylated and acetylated pectins, cellulose and arabinans. The oxalate residue (82.1 % of RF) exhibited only minute differences from RF whereas the acidic and alkaline residues, accounting for 42.8 % and 35.5 % of RF, respectively, were enriched in cellulose and hemicelluloses (xylans, xyloglucans, mannans) and mostly devoid of pectins and arabinans. CEC and WHC of fractions were closely related to the content of unmethylated galacturonic acid residues. The influence of the ionic form of ionisable groups was demonstrated, the Na+ form giving the highest WHC. The ionic strength of the medium can reduce the WHC, especially in the case of the acid and alkali‐extracted fibres.

Schroeder, Hartmut E; Gibson, Alan H; Oram, Rex N; Shaikh, M Anwarul Quader

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440105pmid: N/A

The amino acid composition of the seed proteins of Hyprosola, a high protein, high yielding mutant of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), differed little from that of its parental cultivar, Faridpur‐1. Oser's essential amino acid index was 76‐5 in the mutant and 76‐7 in the parent. Hyprosola seed has higher crude protein, extractable protein, globulin and albumin contents than Faridpur‐1. The mutant had an albumin/globulin ratio of 0‐23 compared with the parental value of 0‐21. The mutant oligomeric proteins differed quantitatively and qualitatively from the parent on cellulose acetate electrophoretograms. The polypeptide composition of globulins and albumins fractionated by SDS‐PAGE differed markedly in the intensity of many bands but not in the mobility of any polypeptides. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates were similar in the two cultivars, and in both hydrogen evolution utilised 45 % of the electron flow through nitrogenase.

Oleszek, W

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440106pmid: N/A

A simple method was developed to isolate alfalfa saponins and fractionate them into medicagenic acid, hederagenine and soyasapogenol glycosides. This method is based on the selective extraction of saponins from a C18 solidphase column with methanol‐water solutions. Selectivity of the C18 sorbent to retain saponins strongly depended on the pH of the loaded sample. This characteristic was the basis of a new method of column chromatography for isolation of individual saponins.

Okolie, Paulinus N; Ugochukwu, Emmanuel N

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440107pmid: N/A

The cell wall degrading enzymes polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15),pectinase (EC 3.1.1.11), cellulose (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), as well as α‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), were monitored during fermentation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with Citrobacter freundii. All the enzymes were detected in cassava at the start. During fermentation, initial decreases in polygalacturonase, cellulase and xylanase were followed by increases which peaked as the tissue softened. There were significant (P<0.05) increases in pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, polygalacturonase and phosphorylase in inoculated cassava and the fermentation medium relative to controls (uninoculated cassava and medium) during the softening period. The control cassava did not ferment, indicating that the textural changes in inoculated cassava were due to enzymes secreted by C freundii. Studies on the effect of enzyme inhibition on fermentation showed that the pectic enzymes and cellulase were of primary importance and that inhibition of α‐amylase and phosphorylase had no effect on the process.

Sherikar, Adagonda T; Khot, Jayakumar B; And, Bhushan M Jayarao; Pillai, Shreekumar R

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440108pmid: N/A

Rabbit antisera to adrenal heat‐stable and ethanol‐precipitable antigens of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and pig were used to develop an agar gel precipitation test and a counter immunoelectrophoretic method for the identification of homologous species in raw, partially heated and boiled meat extracts. Immunoabsorption was necessary to make the primary antisera species specific. The specific antisera can be recommended for identification of the species of origin of meats and their mixtures (5‐10% adulteration) in raw, partially heated and cooked states even in the case of closely related species, viz cattle and buffalo, sheep and goat.

Henry, Robert J; Blakeney, Anthony B

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440109pmid: N/A

A method for determination of total (1→3), (1→4)‐β‐D‐glucans, involving the reduction of all endogenous reducing sugars in the sample with sodium borohydride, hydrolysis of the β‐glucan with a specific (1→3), (1→4)‐β‐glucanase (EC 3.2.1.73)and measurement of the reducing sugars produced by reaction with p‐hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH), was shown to be suitable for application to both solid (ground grain) and liquid (beer) samples. The colour response of PAHBAH with the major oligosaccharides produced by the β‐glucanase was determined. Calibration of the method against a β‐glucan standard has advantages over methods that assume complete hydrolysis and involve calibration with glucose. The method has high precision and accuracy. The reduction step allows the method to be applied directly to beer samples without the prior isolation of the β‐glucan. Beer samples were found to contain total β‐glucan concentrations between 0.15 and 0.73 g litre−1.

Quarmby, Anthony R; Ratkowsky, David A

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740440110pmid: N/A

Free‐choice odour and flavour profiling of fish spoiling under different regimes leads to a wide range of descriptors which are difficult to collate and quantify. An attempt was made to gain an insight into the spoilage process by applying a variety of analytical techniques to the profile data including cluster analysis, principal coordinates analysis and especially generalised Procrustes analysis. However, it was concluded that manipulation of free‐choice profiles does not provide any additional information about the spoilage of fish that cannot be obtained from analytical taste panels, simple chemical tests and a cursory examination of the profiles themselves.