Journal of Heredity

Allard, R., W.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110503pmid: 3166481

Abstract The results of long-term studies of changes in adaptedness in a number of experimental populations of annual plants are summarized. Measurements made of quantitative traits showed that cumulative increases in reproductive capacity continued in these experimental populations for more than 50 generations. Highly significant allelic frequency changes also occurred for marker loci governing morphological variants, disease resistance, allozymes, and rDNA restriction fragments. Individual effects of the marker loci on quantitative traits were determined by extensive progeny testing of selfed families descended from single plants isolated from various generations of the experimental populations. Comparisons between homozygotes and heterozygotes of marker loci for quantitative trait expression revealed that all the marker loci studied had statistically significant additive effects on several to many quantitative traits; thus, each Mendelian locus, in addition to being a locus for its discrete descriptive effect, was also a locus for several quantitative traits. Consistent associations were found between superior reproductive capacity (e.g., larger numbers of kernels per plant) and the alleles of marker loci that Increased in frequency over generations; no other quantitative traits measured were clearly and consistently associated with alleles that increased in frequency. Multilocus analyses based on canonical correlation, log linear, and cluster analysis procedures showed that highly significant associations developed in early generations among alleles of different loci in all the predominantly selfing populations studied. Dynamic changes featuring amalgamations of alleles into fewer clusters involving larger numbers of loci continued into the late generations. Patterns of ecogenetic differentiation that developed under predominant selling were found to be fine-scaled overlays of environmental heterogeneity. The picture of evolutionary change that emerges is one in which the incorporation of Increasing numbers of favorably interacting alleles into large synergistic complexes was accompanied in inbreeding populations by increases in adaptedness to the local environment and also by striking ecogenetic differentiation among local populations that occupy unlike habitats, including differentiation between cultivated plants and their wild progenitors. Selfing appears to promote the development and maintenance of adaptedness within populations and at the same time to facilitate the development of spatial differentiation by retarding gene flow between populations. Patterns of adaptive change in outbreeding populations, although similar to those of inbreeders in most particulars, featured less distinct multilocus structural organization within, as well as much less distinct ecogeographical differentiation among, populations. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes Professor Emeritus at the university © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Kline,, K.;Briles, W., E.;Bacon,, L.;Sanders, B., G.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110504pmid: 3418104

Abstract B-F alloantisera recognized distinct 45-Kd molecules on peripheral red blood cells (RBC) from embryonic chickens and heterogenous molecules of approximately 40 to 44 Kd on peripheral RBC from adult chickens, provisionally referred to as type 1 and type 2, respectively. Type 2 molecules migrated to the basic end of Isoelectric focusing gels, exhibited multiple isomorphic variants, and were associated with a smaller polypeptide of approximately 11 to 12 Kd assumed to be β-2-microglobulin. Type 1 molecules migrated to the acidic end of isoelectric focusing gels, exhibited limited heterogeneity, and were not associated with a smaller polypeptide. Type 1 and type 2 molecules were also shown to be distinct by peptide mapping and serological analyses. In addition, two distinct molecular-weight forms of the type 2 molecules were distinguished, provisionally referred to as 2A (45 Kd) and 2B (42 Kd). In vivo–derived avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-transformed erythroleukemia cells expressed type 2A molecules. In vitro–derived AEV–transformed erythroleukemia cells expressed very low levels of B-F molecules; however, they expressed type 2B molecules when induced to differentiate. Normal bursa-derived lymphoid cells expressed type 2A molecules, whereas normal thymus-derived lymphoid cells expressed type 2B molecules. Cloned reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)–transformed immature lymphoid cells expressed either type 2A or type 2B molecules. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Kline,, K.;Briles, W., E.;Bacon,, L.;Sanders, B., G.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110505pmid: 3166482

Abstract Alloantisera specific for B-G antigens recognized a complex of molecules of apparent molecular weights of 90 and 98 Kd under nonreducing conditions and molecules of 40, 44, and 48 Kd under reducing conditions on both embryo- and adult-derived peripheral red blood cells (RBC). The chicken B-G molecules produced a unique two-dimensional “diagonal” pattern. Two antisera permitted the characterization of the complex B-G molecular profile as a homodimer composed of 48-Kd subunits and as a heterodimer composed of 40- and 44-Kd subunits. A rabbit antiserum produced against B-G molecules preferentially recognized the 48-Kd reduced molecules, suggesting that the 90-Kd molecule was a homodimer composed of two 48-Kd molecules. One B-G reagent was capable of recognizing only the 98-Kd nonreduced B-G molecule that gave rise to 40- and 44-Kd molecules under reducing conditions, suggesting that the 98-Kd molecule was a heterodimer composed of 44- and 40-Kd subunits. Adult chicken B-G2 molecules produced a variety of two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) patterns depending on the characteristics of the reagent employed in the immunoprecipitation. B-G molecules were immunoprecipitated from primitive and definitive chicken RBCs but not from any nonerythroid cells tested. B-G molecules were not expressed by avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-transformed erythroleukemia cells, nor were they induced to appear with butyric acid–induced erythroid differentiation. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Moritz, R. F., A.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110506pmid: N/A

Abstract Hygienic behavior of honeybee workers is determined by two behavioral components, the uncapping and removing of dead brood, that are believed to be determined by one Mendellan segregating locus each. A reevaluation of the data upon which this hypothesis was based revealed, however, that the underlying genetic mechanism may be more complex. For removing behavior more than one locus seems to determine the expression of the phenotype. A three-locus model better fits the original data set; however, other patterns of inheritance of hygienic behavior in honeybees cannot be excluded. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Groose, R., W.;Weigelt, H., D.;Palmer, R., G.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110507pmid: N/A

Abstract Most plants of the Asgrow Mutable line of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) are chimeric for anthocyanin pimentation. This line carries an unstable recessive (“mutable”) allele of the w4 locus. The mutable allete reverts at high frequency from the recessive form to a stable dominant form. Nonrevertant flowers on mutable plants exhibit the near-white phenotype typical of plants homozygous recessive at the w4 locus. Mutable plants produce both entirely near-white and entirely purple flowers as well as flowers of a mutable phenotype with purple sectors on near-white petals. Similarly, hypocotyls of mutable plants have purple flecks and stripes on an otherwise green background. The size of revertant sectors on mutable plants is dependent on the developmental timing of reversion of the mutable allele. Germinal reversion of the mutable allele is evidenced by the production of wild-type progeny by mutable plants. Histological examination revealed that expression of anthocyanin genes in the flower and other plant parts is cell-layer-specific. It was therefore possible to detect periclinal chimeras that result from reversion in the independent cell layers. Different types of periclinal chimeras were used to demonstrate that the germ line in soybean is of subepidermal origin. The instability of the mutable allele may represent the first genetic evidence of a transposable element in soybean that has inserted at the w4 locus. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie © 1988 The American Genetic Association

McArthur, E., D.;Welch, B., L.;Sanderson, S., C.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110508pmid: N/A

Abstract Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and its allies (subgenus Tridentatae) form a widespread and successful western North American plant group. Natural hybridization apparently has been important in the differentiation and success of this group. Controlled hybridization, although difficult to achieve, was shown to be successful through detection and assay of chemical markers. Artificial and natural hybridization success between subspecies tridentata and vaseyana was demonstrated by analysis of putative hybrid and parental populations. Coumarins, monoterpenoids, and morphological characteristics were analyzed with analysis of variance, the Kruskai-Wallis H test, and principal components analysis. Hybridization in Tridentatae is important not only in the evolution of taxa but potentially in the production of desirable genotypes for artificial selection. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Smith, Harold, H.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110509pmid: N/A

Abstract Progenies of the tumorous hybrid Nicotiana glauca (2n = 24) × N. langsdorffii (2n = 18) were backcrossed to N. langsdorffii two to four times and were maintained through 12 generations by self-pollination accompanied throughout by selection for the most tumorous plants as parents. In the more advanced generations, only plants with a specific complex of characters, termed the β syndrome, produced tumors. All such plants had 19 chromosomes, i.e., the genome of N. langsdorffii plus a single extra, alien chromosome from N. glauca, which was requisite for tumor formation. This chromosome was cytologically distinguishable from the N. langsdorffii complement. It was transmitted through the male to 20% of the progeny and through the female to less than 1%. From self-pollination, 87% of the progeny were of β syndrome phenotype, and 97% of these were tumorous. The nontumorous β segregants did nevertheless produce β offspring that formed tumors, but less frequently (61%) than did the offspring from tumorous parents (96%). Evidence is presented for genes or genomes of N. langsdorffii that reduce tumor expression and for genes or genomes from N. glauca that enhance tumor expression. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Denti,, D.;Schoen, D., J.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110510pmid: N/A

Abstract The effect of variable pollen and seed production on the mating system of white spruce was examined over 2 years in a clonal seed orchard. Clones produced 0 to 53,345 male strobili each and 0 to 37,449 female strobili each and selfed at rates ranging from 0 to 22%. The self-fertilization rates of individual clones were correlated with clonal male strobilus numbers. The selfing rate for the orchard population was estimated to be significantly greater when clonal variation in seed production was accounted for than when equal seed production by clones was assumed. The variation in male and female strobilus production may contribute significantly to inbreeding in white spruce. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Boyle, T., H.;Stimart, D., P.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110511pmid: N/A

Abstract The inheritance of ray floret color was investigated forZinnia elegans Jacq. and Z. angustifolia HBK. For genetic analysis, five inbred lines of Z. elegans with orange, pink, red, white, or yellow ray florets were selfed and crossed to obtain S1, F1, F2, and BC1 populations; five clones of Z. angustifolia with ivory, orange, or white ray florets were selfed and crossed to generate S1 and F1 populations. In Z. elegans, the presence of the anthocyanidins pelargonidin and cyanidin was controlled by a single dominant gene (An1). Carotenoid expression in Z. elegans was conditioned by a recessive gene (ca) governing its presence and other genes controlling carotenoid patterning in petals. The presence of two unidentified anthocyanidins in orange-flowered Z. angustifolia was controlled by a single dominant gene (An2). It is suggested that An1 and An2 are nonallelic and control different processes in anthocyanidin biosynthesis. This content is only available as a PDF. Author notes Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison. © 1988 The American Genetic Association

Morden, C., W.;Doebley, J., F.;Schertz, K., F.

doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110512pmid: N/A

Abstract Aconitase (ACO; EC 4.2.1.3) isozymes were studied in accessions and progeny from crosses of cultivated races of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench.) and related wild species in Sorghum section Sorghum. Extracts of etiolated seedlings and green leaf tissue from juvenile plants were assayed for aconitase activity and allelic variation by starch gel electrophoresis. The enzyme products of two loci, Aco1 and Aco2, each having four different alleles, were identified. Intra- and interlocus heterodimer bands were lacking, suggesting that both loci encode monomeric enzymes. Tissue specificity of the isozymes was examined by assaying extracts of coleoptile, mesocotyl, and root from etiolated seedlings and extracts of green leaf tissue, embryos, and endosperm. Both Aco1 and Aco2 were expressed in all the tissues analyzed. Additional bands were associated with embryo and endosperm tissue. Aco1 activity is restricted to the cytosol, and Aco2 activity is restricted to mitochondria. Segregation ratios fit Mendelian expectations for the progeny of 8 of 10 crosses. Each cross producing distorted segregation involved a cultigen and a wild species, with the exotic allele being deficient in both instances. This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 The American Genetic Association