THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALITIS IN RABBITSCowdry, E. V.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.725pmid: 19869156
The observations reported in this paper seem to justify the hope that the obstacle afforded to experimentation by the frequent presence of spontaneous encephalitis and nephritis in American and European rabbits does not exist to the same degree in rabbits from certain other localities. The observations are, furthermore despite their obvious limitations, in conformity with the theory that the disease is not one common to domestic rabbits everywhere, but rather that it occurs in special localities from which, given favorable conditions, it may spread. Thus far it has not been reported in tropical climates or south of the equator. Footnotes Submitted: 25 January 1926
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGEShwartzman, Gregory
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.743pmid: 19869158
The investigations of the influence of oxygen on the bacteriophage phenomenon recorded in this paper show that this factor plays an important role which is due exclusively to its ability to induce certain changes in the behavior of bacterial cells towards lytic principle. At certain H ion concentrations both aerobic and anaerobic cultures can be made resistant in the absence of lytic principle. The resistance thus acquired is of a stable nature under suitable conditions. If the lytic principle is added to aerobic or anaerobic types of resistant strains the cultures are able to regenerate it to a certain extent. However they do not undergo any visible lysis themselves even under the action of lytic principles which were passed through several generations of these types. The principles regenerated by both types of resistant cultures are identical in action with each other as well as with the stock lytic principle. These experiments suggest a new method of investigation into the hitherto unexplained nature of resistance of bacteria towards bacteriophage. Footnotes Submitted: 15 March 1926
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGYMcMaster, Philip D.; Elman, Robert
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.753pmid: 19869159
Experimental infection of the intubated and previously sterile biliary tract of the dog with particles of the stools leads to a formation of urobilin from the bilirubin of the bile as it flows through the ducts. No urobilinuria occurs, however, unless temporary biliary obstruction is produced, or the liver parenchyma injured. Then urobilinuria develops, despite the fact that no bile is reaching the intestine and, by corollary, no urobilin being formed there. Cholangitic urobilinuria, as one may term the phenomenon just described, to distinguish it from the urobilinuria having origin in pigment absorbed from within the intestine, is far more pronounced in animals possessing a healthy gall bladder than in those with a pathological gall bladder or with one prevented from functioning by severance of the cystic duct. These facts suggest that there may be an active absorption of urobilin from the normal gall bladder. There can be no doubt that the pigment is absorbed from within the bile ducts. There is no evidence whatever to justify the belief that urobilin is ever formed through the action of liver parenchyma. There may conceivably be an intralobular formation of the pigment consequent upon the activity of bacteria within the liver tissue, though such a happening has yet to be demonstrated. Footnotes Submitted: 17 March 1926
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN BACTERIAL CULTURES ON THE MOVEMENT OF THE INTESTINESEcker, E. E.; Rademaekers, A.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.785pmid: 19869160
Following intravenous injection, filtrates of young cultures of B. paratyphosus B often produce marked diarrhea in rabbits. A study was made of the effect of these toxic filtrates on the motility of the small intestines of the rabbit. The observations were made on a segment of the small intestines in situ , and in the living animal. It was found that an immediate slight rise of tone of the longitudinal muscles occurred following intravenous injection of sterile broth. The same rise was noted after the injection of the toxic filtrate; but with these it was followed later (10 minutes elapsing at least) by a very strong but gradual rise of the diastolic and systolic tone, i.e ., by spasmodic contraction of the intestinal muscle, which persisted at times for as long as 2 hours. In order to record simultaneously the effect on the longitudinal and circular muscles, and the propulsive efficiency of the segment the Sollmann and Rademaekers modification of Baur's technique was employed. This arrangement showed that the stimulation of the longitudinal muscles is accompanied by a similarly strong stimulation of the circular muscles, by peristalsis, and therefore by a greatly increased propulsion of intestinal contents which was sufficient to overcome the inhibition that usually occurs after preparation of the animal. With this arrangement an instance of peristaltic spasm was also noted. Broth alone failed to produce the phenomenon. Isotonic magnesium chloride or sulfate added to the bath relaxed the muscles again. Animals under deep urethane anesthesia did not show the diarrhea occurring in the intact controls, but sometimes exhibited it after the effect of the anesthetic had disappeared. So far no effects have been observed on the isolated strip (Magnus method), and further studies are being made to localize the effect, to neutralize it with a specific antiserum, and to observe the effect of filtrates of other members of the bacterial group including the dysentery bacilli. Footnotes Submitted: 3 March 1926
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITYJungeblut, C. W.; Berlot, J. A.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.797pmid: 19869161
1. Intravenous injections of India ink into guinea pigs caused a decided drop in the complement titer which set in as early as 15 minutes after the injection, but did not reach its maximum for 3 hours. This drop was followed by a return to normal within the first 24 hours following the injection. 2. India ink mixed in vitro with guinea pig serum adsorbs the complement almost immediately to its full extent. 3. By means of reduction tests (methylene blue and nitroanthraquinone) it was shown that the respiration of the cells of the liver and spleen of guinea pigs was markedly impaired for the first 8 hours, following an intravenous injection of ink. Evidences of a return to normal functional vitality, however, became apparent by the end of the 1st day after the injection. Footnotes Submitted: 26 February 1926
THE CULTIVATION OF THE GRANULES OF VACCINIA VIRUSCraciun, E. C.; Oppenheimer, E. H.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.815pmid: 19869163
The technique is described whereby vaccinia "granules" are separated from all other material of glycerolated vaccinia calf lymph and cultivated in vitro with embryonic tissues. These "granules"remain alive, as tested by rabbit corneal inoculation, for as long as 71 days, when grown in connection with growing tissue; they fail to remain potent if cultivated with dying cells, showing in this way the same characteristics as whole vaccine virus. The potency of the " granules" increases with the age of the culture under the first mentioned conditions. The fluid part of the vaccinia lymph which remains after the removal of all "granules," is impotent under all conditions. Footnotes Submitted: 8 March 1926
THE PRESENCE OF DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, THE SO CALLED CLASMATOCYTES, IN NORMAL MAMMALIAN BLOODSabin, Florence R.; Doan, Charles A.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.823pmid: 19869164
1. There is a practically constant desquamation of endothelial cells into the circulating blood in rabbits and man. 2. These endothelial cells represent the entire range in size of endothelium from very small cells, possibly from capillaries, up to the type of the large Kupffer cell. 3. These desquamated cells can be discriminated from monocytes. 4. There are common morphological and functional characteristics among the following cells: the clasmatocytes from the specific endothelia, such as the cells from the sinuses of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the clasmatocytes of the diffuse connective tissues; and desquamated endothelial cells occurring in normal and pathological blood. 5. There are four strains of white cells in the normal circulating human and rabbit blood, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial phagocytes. Footnotes Submitted: 5 March 1926
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FRAGMENTATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS; THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THESE FRAGMENTS BY DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF THE BLOOD STREAM; THE CORRELATION OF THE PEROXIDASE REACTION WITH PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MONONUCLEAR CELLSDoan, Charles A.; Sabin, Florence R.
doi: 10.1084/jem.43.6.839pmid: 19869165
1. There is constantly some breaking down of red cells in the circulation by fragmentation. 2. The fragments of red cells, as well as whole red cells, are phagocytized and destroyed by clasmatocytes or endothelial phagocytes. 3. When there is an increase in fragmentation in abnormal or pathological states, desquamated endothelial cells of the blood stream, as well as the clasmatocytes of the tissues, increase proportionately and take in these fragments. These cells are to be distinguished from eosinophilic leucocytes by the nature of their granules, by the type of motility of the cells, and by a negative peroxidase test. 4. The desquamated endothelial cells, clasmatocytes, in the circulating blood are positive to the peroxidase test only when they have taken in positive material. 5. The monocytes show marked variations of the oxidase reaction in different species and to different techniques. With the Sato and Sekiya technique most monocytes of human blood are positive, while most of them in rabbit blood are negative, but both positive and negative reactions are found in both human and rabbit blood. Footnotes Submitted: 1 April 1926