Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Gilbert, Jacqueline A.; Ivancevich, John M.

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02676.xpmid: N/A

The theoretical underpinnings of this paper explain the process of organizational transformation to value differences and the attitudinal transformation of minority and majority individuals to appreciate diversity. As an empirical test of these theories, the research investigated absenteeism and psychological attachment in 2 Fortune 100 conglomerates in different stages of managing their diversity. Cox (1991) suggests that organizations evolve toward multiculturalism, a state in which employee differences are valued and appreciated. Analyses of 284 respondents reveal that majority and minority employees in a more multicultural firm experienced greater attitudinal attachment. Study results suggest that a culture that stresses inclusion of all individuals will have a positive impact on the demographic majority.

Richeson, Jennifer A.; Ambady, Nalini

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02677.xpmid: N/A

Self‐evaluations after interracial and dyadic interactions were examined. African American and White females interacted with either a same‐ or different‐race partner in one of 3 role conditions: the high‐status role of an interviewer, the low‐status role of an applicant, or a peer of equal status. Following the interaction, responses to the Collective Self‐Esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) assessed social self‐evaluation, while the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and the State Self‐Esteem scale (Heather‐ton & Polivy. I99I) assessed personal seif‐esteem. Combinations of racial composition and situational role had striking influences on self‐evaluations. For instance, when situa‐tional roles signaled a reversal from societal status, participants reported lower collective self‐esteem than when situational and societal status were consistent. Thus, roles can have compelling consequences for self‐evaluation after intergroup interactions.

Rind, Bruce; Strohmetz, David

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02678.xpmid: N/A

Research has shown that servers can increase their tip percentages by positively influencing customers' mood and using the compliance technique of reciprocity. These factors were examined in the current study. An experiment was conducted in which a female server either did or did not present customers with a novel, interesting task that has been shown in previous research to stimulate interest and enhance mood. Additionally, sometimes she allowed customers to keep the task, in an attempt to elicit reciprocity. It was predicted that both of these manipulations would increase tip percentages. Presenting customers with the interesting task did increase tips, from about 18.5% to 22%, although the reciprocity manipulation had no effect.

Krahé, Barbara; Scheinberger‐Olwig, Renate; Schütze, Stephan

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02679.xpmid: N/A

This study examined risk factors of sexual aggression and victimization among homosexual men (N= 310). They completed the Homosexual Experiences Survey to record sexual aggression and victimization and provided information about 2 groups of potential risk factors: childhood abuse and sexual lifestyle (number of partners, age at first intercourse, age at coming out, accepting or paying of money for sex, and rape proclivity). One in 4 respondents reported severe forms of sexual victimization; 17% reported moderate victimization. Prevalence of perpetration of sexual aggression was almost 20% for severe aggression and 9% for moderate aggression. The risk of victimization increased as a function of childhood abuse as well as high number of partners and acceptance of money for sex. The risk of committing sexual aggression was positively related to childhood abuse, acceptance and payment of money for sex, high number of sexual partners, and rape proclivity. The findings are discussed in relation to evidence on heterosexual aggression.

Baboushkin, Hayley R.; Hardoon, Karen K.; Derevensky, Jeffrey L.; Gupta, Rina

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02680.xpmid: N/A

Differences in underlying cognitions across gambling tasks were examined. The South Oaks Gambling Screen, a measure of pathological gambling, was completed by 60 undergraduate students. They also played computer‐simulated games of roulette, slots, and blackjack in a laboratory setting. The “think‐aloud” procedure was used to reveal subjects' cognitions, which were subsequently categorized into cognitive heuristics. Individuals were classified as social gamblers with and without problems and probable pathological gamblers. Results reveal that certain heuristics, including references to an explanation of their losses, hindsight bias, personification of the dealer/machine, chasing behavior, and past experiences were most frequently endorsed by probable pathological gamblers. Empirical evidence supports that probable pathological gamblers are qualitatively different from social gamblers in their emitted verbalized cognitive heuristics.

Armitage, Christopher J.; Conner, Mark

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02681.xpmid: N/A

This article reports two studies designed to test a theory of planned behavior‐based model of blood donation. In Study 1 (n= 136), self‐efficacy and self‐identity accounted for unique variance in behavioral intention. Study 2 (n= 172) extended Study 1: self‐efficacy, perceived control over behavior (PCB), self‐identity, and moral norm were all independently predictive of intention; behavioral intention predicted a proxy measure of behavioral enaction. Both studies provided evidence to support a distinction between self‐efficacy and PCB, and for the inclusion of self‐identity and moral norm into the model. Belief‐based measures discriminated intenders from nonintenders, and beliefs that accounted for unique variance in self‐efficacy and PCB were identified. The findings are discussed in relation to using models such as the theory of planned behavior to intervene in social and health behaviors.

Kaiz, Jennifer; Arias, Ileana

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02682.xpmid: N/A

We compared women's attributions for dating violence as a function of perpetrator alcohol use and violence severity. Female undergraduates in dating relationships (N= 144) reported attributions for hypothetical scenarios of verbal aggression, moderate violence, and severe violence. In the partner alcohol‐use condition, partners were described as intoxicated; in the control condition, the scenarios were provided without descriptions of intoxication. Severity of violence, but not partner alcohol use, was associated with causal attributions for violence. In contrast, women's responsibility attributions differed as a function of a Partner Alcohol Use × Violence Severity interaction. Women in the alcohol‐use condition held partners less responsible for severe violence than did women in the control condition. Women in the partner alcohol‐use condition also reported fewer intentions to take legal action in response to severe violence. Implications for dating violence prevention programs and future research are discussed.

Brouwers, André; Evers, Will J. G.; Tomic, Welko

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02683.xpmid: N/A

A nonrecursive model with relationships between perceived lack of social support, perceived self‐efficacy in eliciting support at the workplace, and the 3 successive burnout dimensions–emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment–was tested in a sample of 277 secondary‐school teachers in The Netherlands. Results showed that teachers' perceived lack of support from colleagues and principals had a significant effect on their self‐efficacy beliefs in eliciting support from them, while these self‐efficacy beliefs were shown to predict their level of burnout. The hypothesized feedback loop was also confirmed: Teachers' level of burnout predicted the extent to which they feel lack of support. An additional effect of the personal‐accomplishment dimension of burnout on perceived self‐efficacy was suggested. It was concluded that perceived self‐efficacy in eliciting support at the workplace is a usable construct in the prediction of teacher burnout. Future directions in research are suggested.

Kulick, Alexis D.; Rosenberg, Harold

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02684.xpmid: N/A

College students (76 females. 32 males) were shown videotaped clips from popular films depicting either (a) desirable outcomes of drinking distilled spirits, (b) undesirable outcomes of drinking distilled spirits, or (c) no portrayals of distilled spirits. After presenting the film clips, we assessed their alcohol outcome expectancies and intentions to drink alcoholic beverages in the next week Participants in the positive film condition endorsed more positive expectancies than did participants in the control condition, and participants in the positive and negative film conditions endorsed more negative expectancies than did the participants in the control condition. Intentions to drink distilled spirits in the next week did not differ by film condition.

Buunk, Bram P.; Ybema, Jan F.; Zee, Karen; Schaufeli, Wllmar B.; Gibbons, Frederick X.

doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02685.xpmid: N/A

The affective consequences of social comparison were examined in 2 field studies among nurses and related to the 3 dimensions of professional burnout: emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Study t was conducted in a sample of 99 nurses of a psychiatric hospital, and Study 2 in a sample of 237 nurses employed in various settings In general, upward comparisons evoked more positive and less negative affect than did downward comparisons. However, the affective consequences of social comparison were different for those high and low in burnout. Those low in personal accomplishment reported higher levels of negative affect from upward comparisons and higher levels of positive affect from downward comparisons than did those high in personal accomplishment. In addition, in Study 2, those high in depersonalization and emotional exhaustion derived more positive affect from downward comparisons than did those with lower levels of burnout.