Journal of Animal Science

Piao, X

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.002pmid: N/A

Abstract With corn price soaring up in recent years in China, many alternative energy sources have been paid attention to, such as barley, sorghum, DDGS, etc., in order to reduce diet cost and an overdependence on corn by swine producers. Of all the cereal grains, sorghum may be used as the sole grain to replace corn in diets fed to pigs without reducing the growth performance of weaned, growing or finishing pigs. It is necessary to accurately evaluate the nutritional values in different types of sorghum in order to formulate diets economically and effectively.1) The effective energy could decrease by more than 200 kcal/kg when the tannin content is increased by 1% in the sorghum grain.2) The effective energy contents in sorghum grain could be accurately predicted by chemical compositions or in vitro enzymatic energy values.3) Diets for weaned pigs should contain less than 20% U.S. sorghum during the first 2 wk, and no more than 40% during the subsequent 2 wk after weaning.4) Sorghum used as an alternative energy source for corn in diets fed to growing pigs decreases CP utilization by increasing manure N output, which might be partially offset by protease supplementation.5) Although domestic low tannin white sorghum has more potential to develop feeding value than high tannin red sorghum, it is necessary to further improve and optimize the feeding quality. Therefore, the potent anti-nutritive properties from tannin should not be ignored when sorghum is used as an energy source for pigs. Once favorably priced, low-tannin sorghum is considered to be a better feedstuff to substitute corn in diets fed to pigs. These results provide theoretical basis and data reference for the development and efficient utilization of sorghum grain. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Park, B

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.000pmid: N/A

Abstract The aim of the present talk is to explain different international regulatory rules on animal feed additives in each region of the world that affect the safety issues and influence the industry for the development of feed additives. Many Asian countries are likely to face new era of animal agriculture since many, if not all, countries have announced that antibiotics used as feed additives will be banned in animal feed for the coming years. Animal feed industries in each country, however, are at different developmental stages, and therefore keeping their own view, not necessarily harmonizing and drawing a consensus on safety application and regulatory rules on feed additives.It is obvious that different regulation on feed additives not only discourages trading bioactive substances across countries but also leads to relatively less competent products. For instance, feed additives produced in Asian countries may not competitive when compared with those in EU where a common and relatively strict rule has already been settled. Taking these facts into account, it appears that many Asian countries have had no choice but to import a lot of bioactive substances developed in EU operations for decades. In this regard, it deserves to review the current situation of international application and regulation on feed additives, since we realized how unorganized and loose regulatory rules have distorted the views on safety application and hindered feed additive-related industry in the global market. Collectively, a common regulatory rule on feed additives should be settled in Asia considering other continents, and we would like to propose forming a committee among Asian countries for safety application and common regulation on feed additives, in order to 1) draw a consensus on regulatory rules in Asia, 2) develop competitive products in the region, and 3) encourage trading feed additives under the common regulatory rules in Asia. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Roh, S

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.001pmid: N/A

Abstract The maintenance of homeostasis in rumen epithelium has an essential role in the protection by increasing rumen acidity and endotoxin produced from the resident microbiota. However, this system is continuously changed by an enormous microbial load, a high degree of microbial diversity, a vast surface area and frequent challenges from pathogenic microorganisms. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is the well-recognized metabolic disorders along with fatty liver, ketosis and abomasal displacement. Rumen wall damages in cattle with SARA allows microbes and endotoxin to enter host. Using RNA-sequence analysis, we previously identified the cytokines and chemokines changed in rumen papillae from suckling (5 wks old) and weaned (15 wks old) Japanese Black calves. Whereas its role and its target receptors in rumen papillae are unknown, these chemokines may be involved in mononuclear cells and macrophages recruitment to inflammatory sites by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. This study was investigated the expression of CCL5 and its receptors in rumen papillae, and the possible functional roles between the factors derived from rumen microbe and epithelium. The mRNA expression of CCL5 in rumen papillae of weaned calves fed with concentrated diet was higher than milk-fed calves. The mRNA expression of CCR5, one of CCL5 receptor, was tended to be higher in rumen papillae pf weaned calves compared with milk-fed calves. There were no differences in other receptors between both groups. CCL5 in rumen papillae was localized in the epithelium, especially in basal and spinous layer. The expression of TLR5 gene was higher in rumen papillae of milk-fed calves, and mRNA expression of TLR4 was lower in rumen tissue of weaned calves. These results indicate that CCL5 might be one of the key player in immune system of rumen and TLR5-CCL5-receptor axis might be existed in rumen to react against antigen during weaning. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Yun, C

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.004pmid: N/A

Abstract Modern farming industry faces a large scale and highly intensive rearing conditions, in which the goal is to maximize the production efficiency. Moreover, environmental issues including global warming and disease outbreak are another challenge that could add stressors affecting domestic animal health, both psychological and physical well-being.Major stressors in domestic animals include nutritional factors (unbalanced nutrients, toxins, and diet changes), environmental factors (quality of air and water, temperature, dust, and humidity,), biological factors (weaning, infection, castration, and injury), and physical factors (transportation, lack of spacious area, and social status). These stressors cause growth retardation coincident with modulation of immune system, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. It is rather obvious that deficiency in nutrients causes immune function impairment, which can be reversed by nutrient repletion. Nutritional deficiencies in animals with infectious diseases are the main contributor to a high morbidity and mortality.In my talk, I will focus on some of stressors in relation to host immune responses in major domestic animals using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Furthermore, toxins and/or microbial metabolites in the presence and absence of antigenic stimulation causing destruction of tight junctions and intestinal epithelial cells will be discussed. The audience will gain insight on the action mechanism of (1) stress and modulation of host immune responses, (2) vaccine and adjuvants, and (3) nutritional balance, microbiota and immune modulation in domestic animals. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Faucitano, L

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.007pmid: N/A

Abstract At each stage preslaughter, pigs are exposed to different stressors that, both individually and in interaction with one another, can compromise their welfare resulting in meat quality defects. The development of tools for no time-consuming, non-invasive and real-time monitoring of animal welfare preslaughter is increasingly required by the livestock industry with the objective to identify the animal welfare problem by feed-back mechanisms through the pork chain and correct the cause of animal losses, and carcass and meat quality downgrading. Tools for the measurement of blood lactate level and body temperature variation in response to stress, and novel animal welfare auditing protocols have been developed or scientifically validated under This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Kim, S

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.006pmid: N/A

Abstract In modern pig farming and production, nursing piglets are weaned early typically ranging from 14 to 28 day of age. Early weaning benefits production efficiency of sows by increasing the number of piglets produced per sow. Early weaned pigs, however, could face intestinal challenges from sudden changes in diets with complex sources, anti-nutritional compounds, and potential toxins. Intestinal challenges would impair growth performance of pigs and thus overall farm productivity. Understanding how to evaluate intestinal health status of nursery pigs is an important step for research to enhance intestinal health of nursery pigs. Intestinal challenges caused by anti-nutritional compounds and toxins in feeds can bring immune reaction to mucosal tissue of the small intestine. Intestinal immune reaction would include inflammatory responses and secretion of antibodies. Inflammation would cause increased oxidative stress to mucosal tissues causing cell death and thus damaging integrity of mucosal epithelium and villi. All these would in turn cause problems with intestinal barrier functions. Evaluation of intestinal health should include investigation of all these steps. Quantification of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, antibodies, and oxidative damage markers could be an important start to check the intestinal health status. Evaluation of villus structure and crypt cell proliferation provides data related to the outcomes of initial immune reaction. Finally, intestinal barrier functions can be measured by quantification of tight junction proteins or indirectly by exogenous markers. Systemic measurements of intestinal health would provide essential tools for research to enhance intestinal health of nursery pigs. The purpose of this talk is to provide research examples on the evaluation of intestinal health in nursery pigs. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Yin, J

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.005pmid: N/A

Abstract Herein we review the research on the extended use of supplemental amino acids (AA) for monogastric animals and attempt to provide a rationale for specific AA. Recent advances on animal nutrition have resulted in opportunities to enable the minimum supply of nutrients for maximum growth of livestock. For example, feed formulation technology using ideal protein concept contributes to improving protein digestion and absorption and productive performance. The use of supplemental AA, particularly Lys, Met, and Thr, the most limiting AA in swine and poultry, has enhanced the economic feasibility of feeds by reducing the use of high-priced protein supplements and increasing the use of economical carbohydrate ingredients without affecting dietary crude protein concentration. In addition to these AA, continuing efforts on animal nutrition have revealed new knowledge on diverse physiological functions as well as optimum nutritional requirements of Val and Arg in swine and broiler, respectively. In fact, the addition of dietary Val in lactating sow diets decreased backfat loss by increasing feed intake, while supplementing Val in piglets was found to increase average daily gain by activating mRNA expression of branched chain AA metabolic enzymes in the liver. On the other hand, Arg supplementation increased carcass yield by decreasing abdominal fat deposition and bone mineral formation in broiler chickens. Although we reported positive effects of these supplemental AA on production, we have yet to explore the effects of the AA supplementation on gut health and environmental impacts. With the increase in fluctuation in the feed prices for livestock producers and the public concerns about animal welfare, safe animal product consumption, and environmental stewardship, use of supplemental AA may play increasingly important roles in the future. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Costa,, J

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.008pmid: N/A

Abstract The public is the most important stakeholder in the dairy industry; their perception of and attitudes towards other farm animal management practices has contributed to major reform of nutritional and housing requirements in the livestock industry. Thus, it is critical for the sustainability of dairy industry to ensure current practices align with the public values on animal welfare. The care of newborns generates high empathy and concern from the public. One prominent welfare concern is rearing calves in social isolation, which is associated with impairing cognitive and social development across many mammal species. The dairy calf is no exception; individually-raised calves are deficient in social and learning skills, and cope with novel situations poorly. Pairing or grouping calves prevents these deficiencies by promoting appropriate social, cognitive and behavioral development. Shifting calf management practices according to biological and scientific knowledge can also achieve the minimum expectations that the public has for calf rearing. Another major welfare concern is restricting milk intake to 4 to 6 L of milk/d; this practice is thought to encourage grain consumption, earlier weaning ages, and proper rumen development However, with limited milk intake, calves experience significant hunger and reduced weight gain, which are serious welfare concerns. Recently, there is an increased interest in feeding higher planes of nutrition with gradual weaning; these practices have resulted in positive developmental outcomes that also address welfare concerns held by the public. In conclusion, social isolation and dietary restriction are significant welfare issues and points of concern for the public for many livestock industries. These potential concerns may affect the future sustainability of the dairy industry. We suggest that group housing and enhanced milk feeding plans are examples of solutions that need industry-wide adoption to maintain a productive and welfare-focused industry that is accepted by the public in the future. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

Solano, L

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.010pmid: N/A

Abstract Lameness in dairy cattle is a clinical sign of pain related to the locomotor system, primarily caused by foot lesions. It is production-limiting and the dairy industry’s most visible animal welfare concern. Canadian producers rated foot and leg problems as the 3rd most common reason for involuntary culling and in a broad survey of industry stakeholders, lameness was ranked as the most important health issue. Lameness and other animal-based measures (body condition, body injuries) provide information on cows’ response to their environment and management. Due to concerns about the welfare, health and financial costs related to lameness, several Canadian initiatives in the areas of research, industry and extension have been aimed at reducing its occurrence. For research, the focus has been on identifying lameness prevalence and associated risk factors, as this is essential for disease prevention and control. Our research indicated that across Canada, 22% of cows were lame while within-herd prevalence ranged from 0–69%. However, lameness prevalence estimated by producers averaged 9%, which highlights the challenges with detection. Lameness was higher on farms with poor comfort of surfaces for standing and lying. Digital dermatitis (an infectious, painful skin disorder) was the primary foot lesion, affecting 22% of cows and 94% of herds. Suboptimal footbath management and hygiene contributed to the high digital dermatitis prevalence. Dairy Farmers of Canada recently launched a mandatory on-farm animal care assessment (proAction Animal Care), where every farm is subject to evaluation of injuries, body condition and lameness by a third-party. It is anticipated that a significant number of producers will not meet prescribed standards, in particular the maximum acceptable proportion of lame cows. For extension, projects such as the Alberta Lameness Reduction Initiative have developed tools and information that allow producers and their advisors to develop lameness mitigation plans specific to their individual farms. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].

Schwartzkopf-Genswein,, K

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky404.009pmid: N/A

Abstract It is well documented that castration, regardless of age or method (surgical or band) causes pain in beef cattle. At the same time, consumer concern and awareness regarding painful routine management procedures in livestock is at an all-time high. Developing pain mitigation strategies that are practical and cost effective for producers is also important to facilitate their adoption by the beef industry. The goal of this talk is to review current pain mitigation strategies for both knife and band castrated calves as well as their effectiveness in controlling calf pain and improving calf comfort. The link between the development and adoption of these strategies for castration (or any other painful procedure) and consumer perception and approval of Canadian beef products will also be discussed. Pain mitigation strategies to be covered will consist of both non-therapeutic and therapeutic methods. A discussion of non-therapeutic methods will include the effects of calf age and method of castration. Therapeutic methods to be discussed will consider the effects of different types and combinations of drugs, timing of drug administration, and pain control for multiple procedures. Finally, the relationship between pain mitigation strategies and calf growth performance will be examined. Continued research assessing new drugs or modes of administration as well as alternative methods is required to ensure the availability of practical and effective on-farm methods of mitigating both procedural and postoperative pain. Focus on such strategies will aid in improving cattle welfare and industry adoption of best management practices as well as consumer confidence in beef products, ultimately contributing to the sustainability of the Canadian beef industry. This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)