Diabetologia

doi: 10.1007/BF01338706pmid: N/A

doi: 10.1007/BF01338707pmid: N/A

doi: 10.1007/BF01338708pmid: N/A

Renold, Albert; Crofford, Oscar; Stauffacher, Werner; Jeanrenaud, Bernard

doi: 10.1007/BF01338709pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 Albert E. Renold Oscar B. Crofford Werner Stauffacher Bernard Jeanrenaud The Institut de Biochimie Clinique Université de Genève Geneva Summary What we would like to have accomplished in this discussion, is perhaps mainly to have emphasized once more the likelihood that adipose tissue is a predominant site of insulin action, perhaps the predominant site. Insulin would seem to be the primary hormone of energy storage, favouring both the deposition and the retention of the major energy store: fat in adipose tissue. While it may still be true, that both these effects — storage and retention — are the result of just one primary action — increased glucose transport — a separate effect directly resulting in decreased fatty acid mobilization may be an important aspect of this control, as well. We consider the availability for study of isolated adipose tissue cells, which still appear to be fully responsive to insulin, a major advance, holding the promise of arriving some day at a true understanding of the intimate mechanism of insulin action. When considering the regulation of fat release from adipose tissue, it would seem that closer scrutiny of the controlling importance of blood and plasma flow through the tissue might well be warranted. Adipose tissue is no longer considered a static tissue; it is recognized as what it is: the major site of active regulation of energy storage and mobilization, one of the primary control mechanisms responsible for the survival of any given organism. Although general recognition of the important role played by adipose tissue has abruptly increased during the past ten years, it remains for the future to provide us with a detailed understanding of many aspects of the control systems which are operative in each instance.

Loubatieres, A.; Mariani, M.; Chapal, J.; Taylor, J.; Houareau, M.; Rondot, A.

doi: 10.1007/BF01338710pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 A. Loubatieres M. M. Mariani J. Chapal J. Taylor M. H. Houareau A. M. Rondot Laboratoire de Physiologie appliquée et de Pharmacodynamie de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier Institut de Biologie France Summary Infusions of a non-hypertensive dose of adrenaline (0,5 μg/kg/min) into the right gastro-epiploic artery, a branch of the pancreatic-duodenal artery of the dog, have been carried out over periods of 2 to 6 hours. In some experiments the pancreas has been left intact, in others both the splenic portion and the “processus uncinatus” have been removed. Pancreatic biopsies have been made at various times of infusion. The islet tissue, and particularly the β-cells, were found to be severely damaged; whereas the exocrine tissue was relatively unaffected. The glycemia, which was elevated during the infusion, fell towards normal after the experiment. Subsequently, 35% of the animals with only the duodenal portion of the pancreas remaining had a persistent diabetes; and 65% fully recovered. Dihydroergotamine opposed the injurious action of adrenaline on the islet tissue. Noradrenaline appeared to be less injurious than adrenaline. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathology of diabetes and in particular the interpretation of diabetes concomitant with phaeochromocytoma.

Siess, E.; Teinzer, A.; Struck, E.; Wieland, O.

doi: 10.1007/BF01338711pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 E. Siess A. Teinzer E. Struck O. Wieland Laboratorium für klinische Chemie und Biochemie der II. Medizinischen Universitätsklinik München Summary Perfusion of isolated rat liver for periods up to six hours resulted in the steady release of a substance — of hepatic origin — which stimulates the oxydation of glucose-1 — 14 O to 14 CO 2 by rat epididymal adipose tissue. The activity of the substance, therefore, resembles that of insulin (“hepatic ILA”); however, the activity is not suppressed by the addition of antiinsulin antibodies obtained in guinea pigs. This hepatic ILA is released whether or not pancreatic insulin is added to the circulating medium and thus does not represent a metabolite of added pancreatic insulin. It has properties similar to those of “non-suppressible” ILA of human serum. The rate of production of hepatic ILA in the perfused rat liver is sufficient to warrant consideration of its contributing to a major extent to the maintenance of serum levels of “non-suppressible” ILA, particularly in pancreatectomized animals. Also described in this paper is an activation of the biologic activity of crystalline insulin as a result of heating in bicarbonate buffer (Table 1) and it is suggested on the basis of ultracentrifugation studies that this might be the result of “disaggregation” of insulin into smaller units.

Keen, Harry; Sells, Robert; Jarrett, R.

doi: 10.1007/BF01338712pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 Harry Keen Robert Sells R. John Jarrett The Department of Medicine Guy's Hospital Medical School London Summary Isolated islets of Langerhans, micro-dissected from the duct-ligated pancreas in the rat, survived for at least four hours of incubation, their rate of glucose oxidation continuing linearly during this period. Oxidation of 1- 14 C-glucose was considerably higher when the glucose concentration in the medium was raised and comparison with other tissue suggested that glucose oxidation of the islets, in particular that by the hexose monophosphate pathway, was specifically stimulated by the higher glucose concentrations. This may well be directly associated with the glucose stimulus to insulin release. Activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway has previously been demonstrated in both fish and mammalian islets and in human islet cell tumours, both by enzyme estimations and by studies with labelled glucose, and the suggestion has been made that activity of the pathway may be linked with insulin synthesis ( Field , 1964).

Rosselin, G.; Tchobroutsky, G.; Assan, R.; Lellouch, J.; Dolais, J.; Derot, M.

doi: 10.1007/BF01338713pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 G. Rosselin G. Tchobroutsky R. Assan J. Lellouch J. Dolais M. Derot Laboratoire de Radio-Immunologie de la Chaire de Clinique du Diabète et des Maladies de la Nutrition Paris Groupe de Recherche de Diabétologie de l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) France Summary Insulin antibodies were studied quantitatively by the radio-immunological method of Berson and Yalow in 14 diabetics. The antibodies have at least two types of reactive sites, each of them being defined by their capacity and their equilibrium constant on which the free standard energy change of the insulin antibody reaction depends. The equilibrium constant and the capacity of the first type of reactive sites must be sufficiently high to ensure the immune origin of resistance to insulin. Usually immune serum has less affinity for porcine than for beef insulin and is less able to distinguish between human and porcine insulin. However, because of the individual variations in immune response of human subjects treated by the same insulin it is impossible to see, for one serum, from the graph of direct reaction at equilibrium what will occur with the cross reaction. Quick tests for association and equilibrium studies are useful to analyse series of sera and to detect clinical consequences of antibodies to insulin.

Angervall, L.; Stener, B.

doi: 10.1007/BF01338714pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 L. Angervall B. Stener The Departments of Pathology II and Surgery I, Sahlgrenska sjukhuset University of Gothenburg Sweden Summary Focal muscular degeneration in two diabetics is described. In both instances the muscular lesion was excised on the grounds of clinical suspicion of tumour. The gross and microscopical pictures agreed with those of muscular degeneration following ischaemia. Accordingly, the vascular lesions that were demonstrated, diabetic microangiopathy and arteriosclerosis, may have been of importance in the pathogenesis.

Butterfield, W.; Whichelow, Margaret

doi: 10.1007/BF01338715pmid: N/A

125 1 1 1 1 W. J. H. Butterfield Margaret J. Whichelow The Department of Medicine Guy's Hospital Medical School London Summary Glucose uptake was measured in the deep forearm tissues of four control subjects, and four adultonset and four juvenile-onset diabetics, before and during a glucose tolerance, a glucose-insulin tolerance and a peripheral insulin sensitivity test. 1. The controls showed an increase of glucose uptake above the fasting level in all three tests, more conspicuous in the lean subjects. 2. In the adult-onset type diabetics there was a small increase in glucose uptake after glucose alone, but this was restored to normal by the injection of insulin. 3. No increase in glucose uptake was found in the juvenile-type diabetics after glucose, and very little when insulin was administered. Despite this insulin insensitivity of the peripheral tissues in these diabetics, there is evidence of some insulin sensitive site elsewhere, and the reasons for believing that this is the liver and splanchnic area are discussed.