Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly

Amarnath, V.; Rajendran, C.; Sonar, Tushar; Padma Rao, A.

doi: 10.1080/00084433.2025.2471102pmid: N/A

The properties of electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper make it a preferred material for electrical applications and various industrial uses. However, fusion welding of ETP copper presents challenges due to its high heat conductivity, which causes rapid heat dissipation and can result in incomplete fusion. Furthermore, its susceptibility to oxidation and porosity can compromise joint integrity, while its high melting point increases the risk of thermal distortion. Achieving strong and ductile welds requires precise control of welding parameters and conditions to address these challenges. Friction stir welding is commonly deployed for joining ETP copper in applications that demand high electrical conductivity and strength. The results showed that friction stir welded joints achieved the tensile strength of 180 MPa, a yield strength of 174 MPa, and 42% elongation, attributed to the finer grain structures in the stir zone.

Konsowa, A. H.; Abdo, M. S. E.; Sedahmed, G. H.; El-Ashtoukhy, E.-S. Z.; Abdel-Aziz, M. H.; El Gheriany, I.

doi: 10.1080/00084433.2025.2479083pmid: N/A

This study is about the recovery of zinc metal from galvanizer's ash waste through electrolysis, utilising Zn ash as the anode. The study examines the impact of current density, ZnSO4 concentration, and temperature on current efficiency, deposition rate, and electrical energy consumption. Recognising zinc deposition as a diffusion-controlled reaction requiring agitation, the study proposes using hydrogen evolved at the cathode during zinc deposition as a stirring agent, eliminating the need for costly mechanical stirring. Results indicate that hydrogen bubbles can enhance the deposition rate by a factor of 2–4 times the value with minimum H2 evolution conditions (at 0.02 A/cm2 current density and 99% current efficiency), the corresponding energy consumption was found to be 1.1 and 2.7 kW·h/kg, respectively. The enhancement mechanism is explained using the theory of mass transfer at gas-evolving electrodes.

Ramaswamy, Addanki; Prasanna Nagasai, Bellamkonda; Sudersanan, Malarvizhi; Visvalingam, Balasubramanian; Dwivedy, Maheshwar

doi: 10.1080/00084433.2025.2470093pmid: N/A

This study explores the joining of AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy and AZ31B magnesium alloy using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process with ER4043 aluminium filler wire. The influence of wire feed speed (WFS), welding speed (WS), and arc length correction (ALC) on weld bead geometry, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Al/Mg joints was investigated. The results indicate that WFS, WS, and ALC significantly affect weld characteristics. Increasing WFS leads to higher heat input, improving reinforcement height, penetration, and bead width. At 4700 mm/min WFS, optimal reinforcement height was achieved, while 5000 mm/min further enhanced penetration and bead width. Higher WS reduced heat input, resulting in narrower bead width, shallower penetration, and lower reinforcement height. ALC influenced arc behaviour, with 10% ALC minimising the weld metal area and 15% significantly increasing it. Microstructural analysis identified MgO, Mg solid solution, Mg2Al3, and Mg17Al12 at different joint regions. The optimized parameters (4700 mm/min WFS, 280 mm/min WS, 10% ALC) yielded the highest tensile strength of 34 MPa and hardness of 120 HV. Fracture occurred mainly at the Mg/weld interface and near the fusion line. This study underscores the importance of welding parameters in enhancing the mechanical properties of Al/Mg joints and provides insights for optimising aluminium-magnesium welding.

Pan, Binfeng; Liu, Jie; Zhang, Zhimin; Lu, Xuchen; Yan, Yan

doi: 10.1080/00084433.2025.2481747pmid: N/A

The thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the preparation of yttrium chloride by ammonium chloride and yttrium oxide were performed. The preparation process was divided into chlorination (493 K–573 K) and decomposition (> 717 K) stages, leading to the derivation of corresponding thermodynamic results and kinetic models. The thermodynamic calculation showed that 3NH4Cl·YCl3 was formed at 497 K–573 K via solid–solid reaction. Then, 3NH4Cl·YCl3 decomposed directly into anhydrous YCl3 at above 740 K. The kinetics of the chlorination process was consistent with the solid–solid reaction model controlled by phase boundary reaction, with the activation energy being 76.93 ± 3.87 kJ/mol. The decomposition of 3NH4Cl·YCl3 fitted well with the solid decomposition model with phase boundary reaction as the control step. The activation energy of the decomposition process was 28.43 ± 4.49 kJ/mol. The apparent rate equations for the chlorination process and the decomposition process were developed: Chlorination process: ${\rm d}\alpha {\rm /d}t = 9 .7\cdot 1 0^ 7\cdot \exp \lpar -76{\rm .93/}RT\rpar \cdot \lpar 1-\alpha \rpar ^{ 0 .6}$ d α / d t = 9.7 ⋅ 1 0 7 ⋅ exp ⁡ ( − 76 .93 / RT ) ⋅ ( 1 − α ) 0.6 Decomposition process: ${\rm d}\alpha {\rm /d}t = 528\cdot \exp \lpar -28{\rm .43/}RT\rpar \cdot \lpar 1-\alpha \rpar ^{ 0 .5}$ d α / d t = 528 ⋅ exp ⁡ ( − 28 .43 / RT ) ⋅ ( 1 − α ) 0.5

Vivek, C.M.; Srividhya, P.K.; Ramkumar, P.

doi: 10.1080/00084433.2025.2475644pmid: N/A

This study investigates the structural and mechanical property changes of SS 316 and Surface treated SS 316 (Salt Bath Nitrided and Zinc Plated), exposed to producer gas in scrubber pipeline regions of a downdraft gasifier. The Structural and property changes are assessed use Optical Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, EDAX and Case measurement techniques. Results indicates the producer gas influenced nitrided SS 316 retains its microstructure and exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance followed by producer gas influenced zinc plated SS 316 with partial protection, and producer gas influenced SS 316 being vulnerable and exhibits significant grain boundary attach and weaking. Case depth measurement indicates deterioration of producer gas influenced SS 316, while Nitrided and Zinc plated SS 316 provide moderate enhancement in hardness retention under producer gas influence. XRD and EDAX analyse reveal phase changes and chemical composition changes due to producer gas influence. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA highlights significant differences in the weight and property changes across exposure days, suggesting that nitriding and zinc plating may offer enhanced resistance compared to untreated SS 316. These surface treatments may be considered as potential strategies for improving the performance of SS 316 under producer gas exposure.