Vehicle effects on percutaneous absorption: in vivo and in vitro comparisons with human skinBRONAUGH, R.L.; FRANZ, T.J.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06214.xpmid: 3730275
SUMMARYThe percutaneous absorption of benzoic acid, caffeine and testosterone through human skin was measured by using in vivo and in vitro techniques. The compounds were applied to the skin in solution in three vehicles: petrolatum, ethylene glycol gel and water gel. Because benzoic acid was ionized at the neutral pH of the gels, these data were difficult to interpret and are not reported. The stratum corneum/vehicle partition coefficients (Km) and percent saturation of the vehicles with substrate were determined to aid in the interpretation of the absorption results. In the in vitro studies, the permeability constants determined for the compounds in each vehicle correlated with either the Km value or the percent saturation of the vehicle. Caffeine penetrated most readily from a petrolatum vehicle, and the greatest testosterone absorption was from a water gel. Permeation was also expressed in terms of the percentage of the applied dose absorbed. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the in vivo and in vitro values. Although no significant differences occurred between most values compared, there was trend toward lower penetration in the in vitro system.
Monoclonal antibodies against epidermal cell surface and dermal‐epidermal junction: antigens which may be epidermal cell spreading factorsKATAYAMA, H.; KINO, J.; ITAMI, S.; TSUTSUI, M.; KOIZUMI, H.; HALPRIN, K.M.; ADACHI, K.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06215.xpmid: 2425842
SUMMARYTwo monoclonal antibodies which reacted with the epidermal cell surface (SF‐1) and the dermal‐epidermal‐junction (SF‐2), respectively, were obtained by immunizing mice with partially‐purified human epibolin. The corresponding antigens were partially purified from fetal bovine serum by affinity chromatography using these antibodies. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that these antigens contained polypeptide components with molecular weights different from that of epibolin (mol. wt. 65000 daltons); SF‐1 antigen had a 68000 dalton main component, and SF‐2 antigen a broad 58000–61000 dalton main component. Both of these partially‐purified antigens promoted the spreading of dissociated pig epidermal cells. SF‐2 antigen also promoted the spreading of Pam cells (a murine keratinocyte line). The results suggest that proteins capable of promoting epidermal cell spreading may be present on the epidermal cell surface and at the dermal‐epidermal junction. However, their physiological role in keratinization remains to be elucidated.
Lichen planus in relation to occupational and non‐occupational exposure to chemicalsLIDÉN, C.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06216.xpmid: 3730278
SUMMARYLichen planus‐like eruptions are known to be caused by occupational exposure to colour film developing agents that are derivatives of p‐phenylenediamine (PPDA), e.g. CD‐2 and CD‐3. To elucidate whether such chemicals are a cause of lichen planus in patients at a department of general dermatology, 119 lichen planus patients were interviewed about occupational and non‐occupational exposure to chemicals. Patch testing with CD‐2, CD‐3, PPDA and IPPD was performed in 49. No occupational risk group for lichen planus could be identified and no case of contact allergy to the tested substances was found. Patch testing with these substances is only recommended when there is a history of exposure.
Nickel dermatitis: the reaction to oral nickel challengeGAWKRODGER, D.J.; COOK, S.W.; FELL, G.S.; HUNTER, J.A.A.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06217.xpmid: 2942168
SUMMARYPompholyx in nickel‐sensitive subjects can be induced by orally‐administered nickel, but only by a high dose. Ingestion of 5.6 mg nickel consistently worsened the pompholyx, often with a mild toxic erythema or patch test site flare, but lower doses of nickel failed to excite reactions more frequently than did a placebo, in a double‐blind study. The metabolism of nickel is complex and there was considerable variation between three normal individuals in their absorption and excretion of an orally‐administered nickel load. Patients may show similar variability which could be of importance clinically, although in only one of five subjects with acute eczema was the serum nickel raised, and then only marginally. The exact role of dietary nickel in perpetuating the hand dermatitis of sensitive susbjects remains unclear.
Electrical field stimulation of isolated primate sweat glandsVITALE, G.I.; QUATRALE, R.P.; GILES, P.J.; BIRNBAUM, J.E.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06218.xpmid: 3524654
SUMMARYAn in vitro method is described for inducing secretion in isolated monkey eccrine sweat glands by means of electrical field stimulation(EFS). Ultrastructural analyses of these glands revealed unmyelinated nerve fibres surrounding the secretory coils. Numerous small clear vesicles, characteristic of cholinergic nerve terminals, were observed, along with a few which were large and dense‐cored. EFS elicited an immediate secretory response which ceased abruptly upon termination of the current. The response was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by atropine (IC50 1.5×10‐9 mol/1). Although most glands were completely inhibited by atropine, a minor atropine insensitive component was operative in some preparations. Physostigmine (10‐6 mol/1) potentiated the response to subthreshold EFS. Lidocaine (3×10‐4 mol/1) completely and reversibly blocked EFS but had no effect on methacholine (10‐6 mol/1) induced secretion. These results confirm that eccrine sweat gland activation is predominantly via cholinergic pathways and that EFS of isolated glands may be a useful model to study the control of secretory function in normal and diseased states.
Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome: a study of 26 casesTAÏEB, A.; PLANTIN, PATRICE; PASQUIER, P.DU; GUILLET, G.; MALEVILLE, J.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06219.xpmid: 3015187
SUMMARYWe have studied 26 patients presenting with a symmetrical papular or papulovesicular acrolocated eruption of more than 10 days duration. Mean age at onset was 2 years (range 10 months to 5.75 years). Lymphadenopathy was noted in eight cases, and hepatomegaly in one case. In 12 cases, histopathology and direct immunofluorescence were non‐contributory, Cytolytic hepatitis occurred in one case and was associated with HBs antigenemia. A history of recent immunization was given in two cases. There was serological evidence of recent EpsteinBarr virus infection in seven out of 13 cases tested. Coxsackie B viruses were isolated from three patients, and cytomegalovirus was probably associated with the syndrome in one case. We conclude that the Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome is not rare in France, and that non‐hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐associated cases are more frequent than the classical HBV ‐associated papular acrodermatitis of childhood.
Incontinentia pigmenti: eosinophil chemotactic activity of the crusted scales in the vesiculobullous stageTAKEMATSU, H.; TERUI, T.; TORINUKI, W.; TAGAMI, H.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06220.xpmid: 3015188
SUMMARYTo investigate the mechanisms underlying eosinophil infiltration into the epidermis in incontinentia pigmenti (IP), we studied the eosinophil chemotactic activity in extracts of the crusted scales from three patients with IP in the vesiculobullous stage. Eosinophil ehemotactic activity was detected in the eluates from a Sephadex G‐75 chromatography column between the vitamin B12 and phenol red markers. The chemotactic activity was heat‐stable and resistant to enzyme digestion, and recovered after ether extraction at low pH. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was demonstrated in the fractions with high eosinophil chemotactic activity. These findings suggest that LTB4 plays an important role in the accumulation of eosinophils within the epidermis in IP, in the vesiculobullous stage. Blood eosinophilia, however, may not be induced by the eosinophil chemotactic factors in the scales.
Use of UV‐A sunbeds for cosmetic tanningDIFFEY, B.L.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06221.xpmid: 3730279
SUMMARYA survey has been carried out of people using UV‐A sunbeds at commercial premises in the U.K. The degree of tan achieved was found to be closely related to the subject's ability to tan in sunlight, and subjects who burnt easily in sunlight were most at risk of developing erythema after using a sunbed. Side‐effects, particularly itching, were common. The prevelance of itching, nausea and skin rashes were higher in women taking oral contraceptives than in women on no medication. Although long‐term quantitative estimates of the risks of UV‐A sunbed use (such as skin ageing and skin cancer) are unknown, it is recommended that individuals who do not tan or tan poorly should be discouraged from using sunbeds.