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IN THE HINDBRAIN Retinoids and Initiation of Hox Expression Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supports a role for retinoic acid (RA) in initiating early Hox gene expression and patterning the hindbrain ...
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and RXRs also integrate a variety of signaling pathways through phosphorylation events which cooperate with the ligand for the control of retinoid-target genes transcription. These different modes ...
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signaling via combinatorial Hox gene expression is important for cell positional memory. The genes that require RA for the maturation/differentiation of T cells are only beginning to be cataloged ...
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. There are few studies on the effects of RA signaling on gene transcription at the gastrula stage, and these are largely limited to Hox genes and to vertebrates ( Kudoh et al., 2002; Roelen et al., 2002; Li et al ...
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modulate gene expression through binding to two families of nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR; Fig. 2 ). Both families consist of three isotypes of receptors (α ...
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on the localisation of endogenous retinoids. Early studies established that the perinodal tissue, the floor plate and the limb bud are sources of endogenous RA [12–14] . It was also shown that posterior Hox genes ...
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model for the interaction and regulation of the Hox genes. Here, we present the results of our investigation into a cis -regulatory network for the early Hox genes. Instead of using conventional ...
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/RXR) dimers bind to retinoic acid response elements (RARE) or retinoid X response elements (RXRE), respectively, within the promoter regions of retinoid target genes such as Hox family members ...
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malformations. Although RA is an essential signal molecule for normal embryogenesis that activates the transcription of a variety of regulatory genes of development, such as Hox genes ( Zhang et al., 1997 ...