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To trace the emergence of modern IgA isotypes during vertebrate evolution we have studied the immunoglobulin repertoire of a model monotreme, the platypus. Two highly divergent IgA-like isotypes ...
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. Their possible functions are discussed in the context of a model for the mechanisms of class switching. Immunoglobulin class switching Janet Stavnezer Antibody class switching is induced by B-cell activators ...
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transcripts. Thus, lymphokines regulate two distinct events in isotype switching: induction of germline transcripts (IL-4), and production of VDJ-C gamma 1 and VDJ-C epsilon mRNA (IL-5), which leads ...
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induction. Furthermore, AID function is regulated by active export from the nucleus (28â30), which might also contribute to the delay in CSR. Naive B cells have the potential to switch to any isotype ...
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of the molecular mechanisms and regulation of SHM, and also discuss emerging ideas which merit further exploration. Ag: antigen Ig: immunoglobulin SHM: somatic hypermutation CSR: class switch recombination GC: gene ...
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[24] , and function as a co-mitogen for B cell growth [25] . IL-4 is also well-recognized as a regulatory molecule for isotype switching, specifically stimulating germline γ1 and ϵ immunoglobulin gene ...
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to mice carrying an anti-HEL Ig LC Tg, resulted in mice whose BCRs were specific for HEL, but can also class-switch to other Ig isotypes [8]. The surrogate antigen in this model is HEL which is introduced ...
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Abstract Three processes alter genomic sequence and structure at the immunoglobulin genes of B lymphocytes: gene conversion, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Though ...
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in humans with ATM defects ( 31 – 34 ) suggest that ATM may also participate in Ig isotype switching. We have used a mouse model of ATM deficiency to study the role of ATM in Ig class switching, and have ...