reconSiDerATion LAURA MULVEy PHANTOM OF THE CIRCUS After his return from Hollywood to France in 1950, Max Ophuls had to resurrect his career as film director for a third time. The success of Liebelei in 1932 should have marked the start of a great career in German cinema, but within a year Ophuls was an exile, based in Paris but continuing to make films in various parts of Europe until 1941. After the fall of France he went to California. If the beauty of the films he made thereâfrom The Exile (1947) to The Reckless Moment (1949)âare a tribute to his tenacity, charm, and brilliant exploitation of the available equipment and expertise, ultimately his refusal to compromise with studio convention left him, once again, without a future. Before his untimely death in 1957, Ophuls made four more films in France: La Ronde (1950), Madame de⦠(1953), Le Plaisir (1952), and finally Lola Montès (1955). This last work, based on the life of the shadowy and notorious historical figure whose love affairs created scandal in nineteenth-century Europe, brings together a number of themes that hover somewhere between the psychoanalytic and the social and are present but not fully realized
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