Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
D. L. Peterson (1998)
The Impacts of Climate Variability on Forests
Z. Gedalof, Dan Smith (2001)
Dendroclimatic response of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) in Pacific North AmericaCanadian Journal of Forest Research, 31
Xu Liang, D. Lettenmaier, E. Wood, S. Burges (1994)
A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation modelsJournal of Geophysical Research, 99
(2000)
Water, Ice, Meteorological, and Speed Measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1986–1991 Balance Years, U.S.G.S
Z. Gedalof, N. Mantua, David Peterson (2002)
A multi‐century perspective of variability in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: new insights from tree rings and coralGeophysical Research Letters, 29
J. Foley, S. Levis, M. Costa, W. Cramer, D. Pollard (2000)
INCORPORATING DYNAMIC VEGETATION COVER WITHIN GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELSEcological Applications, 10
M. Beniston, D. Fox, S. Adhikary, R. Andressen, A. Guisan, J. Holten, J. Innes, J. Maitima, M. Price, L. Tessier, R. Barry, C. Bonnard, F. David, L. Graumlich, P. Halpin, H. Henttonen, F. Holtmeier, A. Jaervinen, S. Jonasson, T. Kittel, F. Kloetzli, C. Körner, N. Kräuchi, U. Molau, R. Musselman, P. Ottesen, D. Peterson, N. Saelthun, X. Shao, O. Skre, O. Solomina, R. Spichiger, E. Sulzman, M. Thinon, R. Williams (1996)
Impacts of climate change on mountain regions
D. Peterson, E. Schreiner, Nelsa Buckingham (1997)
Gradients, vegetation and climate: spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, U.S.A., 6
M. Hall, D. Fagre (2003)
Modeled Climate-Induced Glacier Change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100, 53
D. Peterson, David Peterson (2001)
MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK GROWTH RESPONDS TO CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AT ANNUAL AND DECADAL TIME SCALESEcology, 82
J. Aber (1997)
Why Don't We Believe the Models?The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
(2000)
Effects of Biotic Feedback on the Rate and Pattern of Edge Migration
X. Liang, D. P. Lettenmaier, E. F. Wood, S. J. Burges (1994)
A Simple Hydrologically Based Model of Land SurfaceWater and Energy Fluxes for GSMsJ. Geophys. Res., 99
D. B. Fagre, D. L. Peterson (2002)
Mountain Biodiversity: A Global Assessment
W. Riebsame, H. Gosnell, D. Theobald (1996)
LAND USE AND LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN THE COLORADO MOUNTAINS I: THEORY, SCALE, AND PATTERNMountain Research and Development, 16
D. Butler, L. Dechano (2001)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA: AN ASSESSMENT THROUGH REPEAT PHOTOGRAPHY FROM FIRE LOOKOUTSPhysical Geography, 22
D. Gavin, L. Brubaker (1999)
A 6000‐year soil pollen record of subalpine meadow vegetation in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USAJournal of Ecology, 87
A. I. Finklin (1986)
A Climatic Handbook for Glacier National Park–with Data for Waterton Lakes National Park
D. Bachelet, R. Neilson, J. Lenihan, R. Drapek (2001)
Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Distribution and Carbon Budget in the United StatesEcosystems, 4
D. McKenzie, D. Peterson, D. Peterson (2003)
Modelling conifer species distributions in mountain forests of Washington State, USAForestry Chronicle, 79
A. Woodward, E. Schreiner, D. Silsbee (1995)
Climate, Geography, and Tree Establishment in Subalpine Meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A.
P. Mote, D. Canning, D. Fluharty, R. Francis, J. Franklin, A. Hamlet, M. Hershman, M. Homberg, K. Ideker, W. Keeton, D. Lettenmaier, L. Leung, N. Mantua, E. Miles, B. Noble, H. Parandvash, D. Peterson, A. Snover, S. Willard (1999)
Impacts of Climate Variability and Change, Pacific Northwest
S. Running, S. Gower (1991)
FOREST-BGC, A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. II. Dynamic carbon allocation and nitrogen budgets.Tree physiology, 9 1_2
P. Carrara (1989)
Late quaternary glacial and vegetative history of the Glacier National Park region, Montana
P. Wells, D. Peterson, V. Parker (1999)
Ecological scale : theory and applicationsWaterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology, 22
J. White, S. Running (1994)
Testing scale dependent assumptions in regional ecosystem simulationsJournal of Vegetation Science, 5
J. White, S. Running, P. Thornton, R. Keane, K. Ryan, D. Fagre, C. Key (1998)
Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USAEcological Applications, 8
Richard Williams, J. Ferrigno (2004)
SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD: NORTH AMERICA. Richard S. Williams Jr and Jane G. Ferrigno (Editors). 2002. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J). xii+405 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-607-98290-X.Polar Record, 40
W. Gaines, R. Naney, P. Morrison, J. Eby, G. Wooten, Jon Almack (1994)
USE OF LANDSAT MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO MAP VEGETATION IN THE NORTH CASCADES GRIZZLY BEAR ECOSYSTEM, 9
J. Agee (1993)
Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests
F. Klasner (1998)
Spatial changes in alpine treeline vegetation patterns along hiking trails in Glacier National Park, Montana
C. Bitz, D. Battisti (1999)
Interannual to decadal variability in climate and the glacier mass balance in Washington, Western Canada, and AlaskaJournal of Climate, 12
L. Iverson, A. Prasad (2001)
Potential Changes in Tree Species Richness and Forest Community Types following Climate ChangeEcosystems, 4
A. Zolbrod, D. Peterson (1999)
Response of high-elevation forests in the Olympic Mountains to climatic changeCanadian Journal of Forest Research, 29
D. Selkowitz, D. Fagre, Blase Reardon (2002)
Interannual variations in snowpack in the Crown of the Continent EcosystemHydrological Processes, 16
D. Fagre, Peter Comanor, J. White, F. Hauer, S. Running (1997)
WATERSHED RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT GLACIER NATIONAL PARK 1JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33
P. Thornton, S. Running, M. White (1997)
Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrainJournal of Hydrology, 190
Vemap Participants (1995)
Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doublingGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles, 9
R. Rochefort, R. Little, A. Woodward, D. Peterson (1994)
Changes in sub-alpine tree distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factorsThe Holocene, 4
D. Schmoldt, D. Peterson, R. Keane, J. Lenihan, D. McKenzie, D. Weise, D. Sandberg (1999)
Assessing the effects of fire disturbances on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management, 455
D. Gavin, J. McLachlan, L. Brubaker, K. Young (2001)
Postglacial history of subalpine forests, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USAThe Holocene, 11
R. Rochefort, D. Peterson (1996)
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Trees in Subalpine Meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A.Arctic and alpine research, 28
G. Grabherr, M. Gottfried, H. Pauli (2000)
GLORIA: A Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments, 20
J. Marr (1977)
The Development and Movement of Tree Islands Near the Upper Limit of Yree Growth in the Southern Rocky MountainsEcology, 58
R. Neilson (1995)
A Model for Predicting Continental‐Scale Vegetation Distribution and Water BalanceEcological Applications, 5
D. Fagre, D. Peterson (2000)
Ecosystem dynamics and disturbance in mountain wildernesses: assessing vulnerability of natural resources to change, 015
(1998)
Large-Scale Fire Disturbance in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems
(1989)
Generalized Linear Models, Chapman and Hall, London
T. Swetnam, J. Betancourt (1990)
Fire-Southern Oscillation Relations in the Southwestern United StatesScience, 249
(2001)
Glacier Change in the North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington State U.S.A., 1958–1998
R. E. Keane, K. Ryan, S. W. Running (1996)
FIRE-BGC–A Mechanistic Ecological Process Model for Simulating Fire Succession on Coniferous Forest Landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains
(1997)
Simulating Effects of Fire on Gaseous Emissions and Atmospheric Carbon Fluxes from Coniferous Forest Landscapes
(2003)
Climatic Patterns, Hydrologic Processes and Nutrient Dynamics in a Pristine Montane Catchment in Northwest Montana, U.S.A
R. Keane, P. Morgan, S. Running (2017)
Fire-BGC: A mechanistic ecological process model for simulating fire succession on coniferous forest landscapes of the northern Rocky Mountains. Forest Service research paper
D. Peterson (1998)
Climate, limiting factors and environmental change in high-altitude forests of Western North America
P. McCullagh, J. A. Nelder (1989)
Generalized Linear Models
C. Key, D. Fagre, R. Menicke (2002)
Glacier retreat in Glacier National Park, Montana
D. McKenzie, A. Hessl, D. Peterson (2001)
Recent growth of conifer species of western North America: assessing spatial patterns of radial growth trendsCanadian Journal of Forest Research, 31
A. Hamlet, D. Lettenmaier (1999)
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN 1JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35
R. Hungerford, R. Nemani, S. Running, J. Coughlan (1989)
MTCLIM: a mountain microclimate simulation model, 414
R. Watson, M. Zinyowera, R. Moss (1997)
Climate change 1995 - impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change : scientific-technical analysesEcology, 78
B. Messerli, J. Ives (1998)
Mountains of the world : a global priorityArctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 31
D. Butler, G. Malanson, D. Cairns (1994)
Stability of alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.Phytopathology, 22
(2003)
Preparing for climate change: the water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest
L. A. Rasmussen, H. Conway (2001)
Estimating South Cascade Glacier Mass Balance From a Distant Radiosonde and Comparison with Blue GlacierJ. Glaciol., 47
W. Cramer, A. Bondeau, F. Woodward, I. Prentice, R. Betts, V. Brovkin, P. Cox, Veronica Fisher, J. Foley, A. Friend, C. Kucharik, M. Lomas, N. Ramankutty, S. Sitch, Benjamin Smith, A. White, C. Young-Molling (2001)
Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation modelsGlobal Change Biology, 7
A. F. Hamlet, D. P. Lettenmaier (1999)
Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources Objectives in the Columbia River BasinJ. Amer. Water. Resour. Assoc., 35
A. Hessl, W. Baker (1997)
Spruce and Fir Regeneration and Climate in the Forest-Tundra Ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.Arctic and alpine research, 29
D. Urban, M. Harmon, Charles Halpern (1993)
Potential response of pacific northwestern forests to climatic change, effects of stand age and initial compositionClimatic Change, 23
L. Rasmussen, H. Conway (2001)
Estimating South Cascade Glacier (Washington, U.S.A.) mass balance from a distant radiosonde and comparison with Blue GlacierJournal of Glaciology, 47
(1999)
Decadal Variations in Forest Fire Activity in the Pacific Northwest
L. Band, Pitman Patterson, R. Nemani, S. Running (1993)
Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: incorporating hillslope hydrologyAgricultural and Forest Meteorology, 63
L. Graumlich, L. Brubaker, C. Grier (1989)
Long‐Term Trends in Forest Net Primary Productivity: Cascade Mountains, WashingtonEcology, 70
An integrated program of ecosystem modeling and field studies in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.) has quantified many of the ecological processes affected by climatic variability. Paleoecological and contemporary ecological data in forest ecosystems provided model parameterization and validation at broad spatial and temporal scales for tree growth, tree regeneration and treeline movement. For subalpine tree species, winter precipitation has a strong negative correlation with growth; this relationship is stronger at higher elevations and west-side sites (which have more precipitation). Temperature affects tree growth at some locations with respect to length of growing season (spring) and severity of drought at drier sites (summer). Furthermore, variable but predictable climate-growth relationships across elevation gradients suggest that tree species respond differently to climate at different locations, making a uniform response of these species to future climatic change unlikely. Multi-decadal variability in climate also affects ecosystem processes. Mountain hemlock growth at high-elevation sites is negatively correlated with winter snow depth and positively correlated with the winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index. At low elevations, the reverse is true. Glacier mass balance and fire severity are also linked to PDO. Rapid establishment of trees in subalpine ecosystems during this century is increasing forest cover and reducing meadow cover at many subalpine locations in the western U.S.A. and precipitation (snow depth) is a critical variable regulating conifer expansion. Lastly, modeling potential future ecosystem conditions suggests that increased climatic variability will result in increasing forest fire size and frequency, and reduced net primary productivity in drier, east-side forest ecosystems. As additional empirical data and modeling output become available, we will improve our ability to predict the effects of climatic change across a broad range of climates and mountain ecosystems in the northwestern U.S.A.
Climatic Change – Springer Journals
Published: Oct 10, 2004
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.