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<h2>How HIV-1 lost control</h2> Less deadly ancestors of HIV-1 down-regulate CD3 so their host cells are spared. KIRCHHOFF/ELSEVIER Aminor change during evolution converted the relatively benign monkey SIV viruses into deadly HIV-1, according to Michael Schindler, Frank Kirchhoff (University of Ulm, Germany), and colleagues. They report that HIV-1, unlike most SIV strains, has lost the ability to protect its T cell hosts, and thus its human host, from death. The critical difference is in a virus protein called Nef, which increases virus infectivity and replication. But even more important than what HIV-1 Nef does may be what it does not do. The German group tested 30 different nef alleles in an HIV-1 vector. Most SIV Nef proteins down-regulated expression of the T cell receptor protein CD3 and thus blocked activation of infected T cells. Nef from HIV-1 and some closely related SIV relatives had neither of these effects. The T cell activation matters because of activation-induced cell death (AICD). A normal immune reaction starts with T cell proliferation. Once an invader is cleared, the reaction is self-limited by AICD—the suicide of most of the recently proliferating T cells. During HIV-1 infection, however, the virus is not cleared and
The Journal of Cell Biology – Rockefeller University Press
Published: Jul 17, 2006
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