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Articles EMILY VASS AND ANTHONY J. NAPPI he evolutionary origins and molecular basis for the Tvarious mechanisms for distinguishing self from nonself THE FRUIT FLY PROVIDES A SUITABLE remain among the most intriguing of immunological puzzles at all levels of biological organization (Ratcliffe 1993). Insects EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR STUDYING and other invertebrates lack the immunoglobulins and adap- tive responses that characterize vertebrates, yet they possess VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE CELLULAR efficient innate immune systems comprising both cellular AND HUMORAL MECHANISMS, GENETICS, and humoral elements (Vilmos and Kurucz 1998, Nappi and Ottaviani 2000). SIGNALING CASCADES, AND Initial defenses against potentially invasive organisms gen- erally are integumental or midgut defenses, which may involve CYTOTOXIC MOLECULES INVOLVED various cytotoxic proteins and antimicrobial peptides syn- thesized by epidermal cells and transported to the sites of IN INSECT INNATE IMMUNITY wounding (Brey et al. 1993). Foreign organisms that breach integumental barriers or instead pass through the gut wall to invade the host’s hemocoel encounter reactive blood cells (hemocytes) and an array of both nonspecific and specific in- The use of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen ducible cytotoxic molecules. as killing molecules represents an evolutionarily ancient in- The predominant cellular immune responses of insects
BioScience – Oxford University Press
Published: Jul 1, 2001
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