Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots

New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { border-color: #000000 transparent transparent transparent; opacity:0.45; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=45)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=45); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { border-color: transparent transparent #000000 transparent ; opacity:0.45; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=45)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=45); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { width: 297px; }div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { width: 202px; } #banner { background-image: url('http://images.hindawi.com/journals/jam/jam.banner.jpg'); background-position: 50% 0;} Hindawi Publishing Corporation Home Journals About Us Journal of Applied Mathematics Impact Factor 0.834 About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents Journal Menu About this Journal · Abstracting and Indexing · Aims and Scope · Annual Issues · Article Processing Charges · Articles in Press · Author Guidelines · Bibliographic Information · Citations to this Journal · Contact Information · Editorial Board · Editorial Workflow · Free eTOC Alerts · Publication Ethics · Reviewers Acknowledgment · Submit a Manuscript · Subscription Information · Table of Contents Open Special Issues · Published Special Issues · Special Issue Guidelines Abstract Full-Text PDF Full-Text HTML Full-Text ePUB Linked References How to Cite this Article Complete Special Issue Journal of Applied Mathematics Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 812072, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/812072 Research Article New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots R. F. Lin , 1 H. M. Ren , 2 Z. Šmarda , 3 Q. B. Wu , 4 Y. Khan , 4 and J. L. Hu 5 1 Department of Mathematics, Taizhou University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China 2 College of Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China 3 Department of Mathematics, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic 4 Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China 5 Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China Received 5 February 2014; Revised 19 May 2014; Accepted 20 May 2014; Published 15 June 2014 Academic Editor: Alicia Cordero Copyright © 2014 R. F. Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Two families of third-order iterative methods for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations are developed in this paper. Mild conditions are given to assure the cubic convergence of two iteration schemes (I) and (II). The presented families include many third-order methods for finding multiple roots, such as the known Dong's methods and Neta's method. Some new concrete iterative methods are provided. Each member of the two families requires two evaluations of the function and one of its first derivative per iteration. All these methods require the knowledge of the multiplicity. The obtained methods are also compared in their performance with various other iteration methods via numerical examples, and it is observed that these have better performance than the modified Newton method, and demonstrate at least equal performance to iterative methods of the same order. 1. Introduction Finding the roots of nonlinear equations is one of the most important problems in numerical analysis. In this study, we use iterative methods to find a multiple root of multiplicity ; that is, , , and , of a nonlinear equation . It is known that the modified Newton method for multiple roots is given by which converges quadratically [ 1 ]. There exists a cubically convergent method for multiple roots, presented by Hansen and Patrick [ 2 ]. Consider which is an extension of the classical Halley method of the third order. Another cubically convergent method for multiple roots is proposed by Traub [ 3 ]. Consider which is an extension of the well-known Chebyshev method of the third order. In recent years, a lot of methods for multiple roots have been presented and analyzed, which require the knowledge of the multiplicity ; see [ 4 – 24 ] and references therein. Based on King's fourth-order method (for simple roots) [ 25 ], Dong [ 4 ] has developed two third-order methods for multiple roots, requiring two evaluations of the function and one of its first derivative. Consider Using the same information, Victory Jr. and Neta [ 5 ] have developed a third method. Consider where Neta [ 9 ] has developed another third-order method requiring the same information where Based on Halley’s method, Li et al. [ 15 ] have proposed a family of third methods using the same information. Consider where is a real parameter and , and . Note also that, based on Traub’s method [ 2 ], Homeier [ 16 ] has suggested a family of third methods using the same information. Consider where , is a real parameter, , and . In this paper, we propose two new families of third-order methods for multiple roots; each of the methods requires two-function and one-derivative evaluation per iteration, respectively. The presented methods are obtained by investigating the following two iteration schemes: where , , , , and are parameters to be determined. By specially choosing the parameters in ( 12 ) and ( 13 ), we get two new families of third-order methods, which include methods ( 4 )–( 6 ), ( 8 ), ( 10 ), and ( 11 ). In fact, the mild conditions to assure the cubic convergence of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) or (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) are given. Divided differences are adopted successfully in developing our methods, which will be useful in developing more new methods. Finally, we use some numerical examples to compare the presented methods with the modified Newton method and some known third-order methods. 2. Preliminaries We need the definitions of divided differences and their properties. Definition 1 (see [ 26 ]). The divided differences on distinct points of a function are defined by If the function is sufficiently differentiable, then its divided differences can be defined if some of the arguments coincide. For instance, if has a derivative of the th order at , then it makes sense to define Lemma 2 (see [ 26 ]). The divided differences are symmetric functions of their arguments; that is, they are invariant to permutations of the . Lemma 3 (see [ 26 ]). If the function has derivative, then, for every argument , the following interpolation formula holds: Lemma 4. If the function has a derivative of the th order, and is a multiple root of multiplicity , then, for every argument , the following formulae hold: Proof. Applying Lemma 3 to the case of the multiple zero of multiplicity and using ( 15 ), we get ( 17 ). Differentiating both sides of ( 17 ) gives ( 18 ). 3. Development of New Families of Third-Order Methods We would like to find the five parameters , and in I-type iteration ( 12 ) and II-type iteration ( 13 ) so as to maximize its order of convergence to a root of multiplicity , respectively. Let , be the errors at the th step; that is, Define functions and as follows: Write In view of ( 17 ) and ( 18 ), we get the following: Using the definitions of divided differences, we get the following: where In view of ( 22 ), ( 23 ), ( 12 ), and ( 13 ), we get in turn Substituting ( 29 ) into ( 25 ) yields Substituting ( 30 ) and ( 28 ) into ( 24 ) leads to Write Using ( 23 ), ( 24 ), and ( 32 ), we get Then, we can get the error equations as follows: for I-type iteration ( 12 ), and for II-type iteration ( 13 ). In view of ( 34 ) and ( 35 ), the order of convergence for I-type or II-type iteration will arrive at three provided that or holds true, respectively. Here Write In view of ( 32 ), we can get, as , and then which show that, in order to assure the denominators in ( 36 ) and ( 37 ) are not equal to zero, we demand naturally that It is obvious that, under the condition ( 42 ), the error relations ( 36 ) and ( 37 ) are equivalent to respectively. Next we will find conditions to assure ( 43 ) and ( 44 ). Note that the factor of plays an important role on the order of . In fact, using the Taylor formula, we get from ( 32 ) the following: Then, in the case , to assure the relation ( 43 ) holds true, the following estimate is needed: which demands that is, . This is a contradiction to ( 42 ). Hence, in the case , the relation ( 43 ) cannot be satisfied; that is, we cannot choose parameters so that the order of convergence of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) arrives at three. In what follows, we suppose . In this case, , and then ( 43 ) is equivalent to In view of ( 32 ), and by a straight computation, we can get where In view of ( 49 ) and in order to assure the relation ( 48 ) holds, we should choose parameters , , , , and such that By a straight computation, we deduce that Substituting ( 53 ) and ( 54 ) into the left side of ( 42 ), we get which shows the condition ( 42 ) is equivalent to We summarize our development of new methods done so far in the following theorem. Theorem 5. Let be a multiple root of multiplicity of a sufficiently differentiable function for an open interval . If is sufficiently close to , then the methods defined by (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) are cubically convergent for any parameters , , , , and such that and ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) hold. Next, we turn to find the proper conditions to establish the relation ( 44 ). In view of ( 32 ), and by a straight computation, we can get where In view of ( 57 ) and in order to assure the relation ( 44 ) holds, we should choose parameters , , , , and such that By a straight computation, we deduce that Substituting ( 60 ) into the left side of ( 42 ), we get which shows the condition ( 42 ) is also equivalent to the condition given by ( 56 ). We can summarize the development of new methods involving (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) done so far in the following theorem. Theorem 6. Let be a multiple root of multiplicity of a sufficiently differentiable function for an open interval . If is sufficiently close to , then the methods defined by (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) are cubically convergent for any parameters , , , , and such that and ( 60 ) and ( 56 ) hold. Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Dong's method ( 4 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Dong's method ( 5 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Victory and Neta's method ( 6 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Let , − , , , and . Using the definition of , we get We can verify that the parameters given above satisfy ( 52 ), and thus they also satisfy ( 53 ) and ( 54 ) (as given in ( 53 ) and given in ( 54 ) are solved from ( 52 )). Furthermore, it is easy to verify that the condition ( 42 ) holds: This means that the condition ( 56 ) is also true, since ( 56 ) is equivalent to ( 42 ). Using the parameters , , , , and given in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Neta's method ( 8 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . We can verify that the family of methods ( 11 ) given by Homeier [ 16 ] satisfies all conditions in Theorem 5 . First, we can rewrite ( 11 ) as follows: where is a real parameter, , and . Choosing and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that , , and This means that the condition ( 56 ) is also true. Using the parameters , , , , and given in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Homeier's family of methods ( 11 ), which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . We can verify that the family of methods ( 10 ) given by Homeier [ 16 ] satisfies all conditions in Theorem 6 . First, we can rewrite ( 10 ) as follows: where is a real parameter and , , and . Let , , , and . We can verify that the parameters given above satisfy ( 60 ) and ( 56 ). Using the parameters , , , , and given in (II)-type iteration ( 13 ), we can obtain Shengguo et al.'s family of methods ( 10 ), which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . 4. Some Concrete Methods In this section, we give some concrete iterative forms of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) and (II)-type iteration ( 13 ). Method 1. Choosing , , and , we obtain from ( 63 ) and ( 64 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 2. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 61 ) and ( 62 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 3 . Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 61 ) and ( 62 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 4 . Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 70 ) and ( 71 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . Method 5. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 68 ) and ( 69 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . Method 6. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 70 ) and ( 71 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . 5. Numerical Examples We employ Method 1 (RM1), ( 75 )–Method 6 (RM6), ( 80 ) to solve some nonlinear equations and compare them with the modified Newton method (MNM), ( 1 ), Dong's method (DM), ( 4 ), and Victory-Neta's method (VM). Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 show the difference of the root and the approximation to for the function , respectively, where is the exact root computed with 650 significant digits and is calculated by using the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) for all methods. The absolute values of the function and the computational order of convergence (COC) are also shown in these tables. Here, COC is defined by [ 27 ] Table 1: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. Table 2: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. Table 3: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. The following functions are used for the comparison: As shown in Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 , the presented methods in this contribution are preferable to the modified Newton method by numerical tests. Note also that the presented methods show at least equal performance as compared with some other methods of the same order. 6. Conclusion In this work, we obtained two families of third-order methods by using new techniques of divided differences for solving nonlinear equations with multiple roots. The proposed methods contain many known methods, such as Dong's methods and Neta's method. We conclude from the numerical examples that the proposed methods have at least equal performance as compared with the other iterative methods of the same order. Moreover, it was observed that these methods have better performance than the modified Newton method. We will continue our study to confirm if some fourth-order methods can be obtained using the same ideas in this contribution. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Acknowledgments This work is supported by the National Basic Research 973 Program of China (no. 2011JB105001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11371320), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (Grant no. LZ14A010002), the Foundation of Science and Technology Department (Grant no. 2013C31084) of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (nos. Y201431077 and Y201329420), and the Grant FEKT-S-11-2-921 of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. References E. Schröder, “Ueber unendlich viele Algorithmen zur Auflösung der Gleichungen,” Mathematische Annalen , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 317–365, 1870. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus E. Hansen and M. Patrick, “A family of root finding methods,” Numerische Mathematik , vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 257–269, 1976. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus J. F. Traub, Iterative Methods for the Solution of Equations , Chelsea, New York, NY, USA, 1977. C. Dong, “A basic theorem of constructing an iterative formula of the higher order for computing multiple roots of an equation,” Mathematica Numerica Sinica , vol. 11, pp. 445–450, 1982. View at Zentralblatt MATH H. D. Victory Jr. and B. Neta, “A higher order method for multiple zeros of nonlinear functions,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 329–335, 1983. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Dong, “A family of multipoint iterative functions for finding multiple roots of equations,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 21, pp. 363–367, 1987. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH N. Osada, “An optimal multiple root-finding method of order three,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 131–133, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus M. Frontini and E. Sormani, “Modified Newton's method with third-order convergence and multiple roots,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 345–354, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta, “New third order nonlinear solvers for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 202, no. 1, pp. 162–170, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta and A. N. Johnson, “High-order nonlinear solver for multiple roots,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications , vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2012–2017, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta, “Extension of Murakami's high-order non-linear solver to multiple roots,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1023–1031, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Chun and B. Neta, “A third-order modification of Newton's method for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 211, no. 2, pp. 474–479, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Chun, H. J. Bae, and B. Neta, “New families of nonlinear third-order solvers for finding multiple roots,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications , vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1574–1582, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus L. Shengguo, L. Xiangke, and C. Lizhi, “A new fourth-order iterative method for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 1288–1292, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus S. Li, H. Li, and L. Cheng, “Some second-derivative-free variants of Halley's method for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 215, no. 6, pp. 2192–2198, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus H. H. H. Homeier, “On Newton-type methods for multiple roots with cubic convergence,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 231, no. 1, pp. 249–254, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus M. S. Petkovi, J. Duni, and M. Miloevi, “Traub's accelerating generator of iterative root-finding methods,” Applied Mathematics Letters , vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1443–1448, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus B. I. Yun, “Iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations with finitely many roots in an interval,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 236, no. 13, pp. 3308–3318, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus P. Jarratt, “Some fourth order multipoint methods for solving equations,” Mathematics of Computation , vol. 20, pp. 434–437, 1966. S. Kumar, V. Kanwar, and S. Singh, “On some modified families of multipoint iterative methods for multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 218, no. 14, pp. 7382–7394, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus X. Zhou, X. Chen, and Y. Song, “Families of third and fourth order methods for multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 219, no. 11, pp. 6030–6038, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta and C. Chun, “On a family of Laguerre methods to find multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 219, no. 23, pp. 10987–11004, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus D. Sbibiha, A. Serghini, A. Tijini, and A. Zidna, “A general family of third order method for finding multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 233, pp. 338–350, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar B. I. Yun, “Transformation methods for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 217, no. 2, pp. 599–606, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus R. F. King, “A family of fourth order methods for nonlinear equations,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis , vol. 10, pp. 876–879, 1973. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH J. Stoer and R. Bulirsch, Introduction to Numerical Analysis , Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1980. S. Weerakoon and T. G. I. Fernando, “A variant of Newton's method with accelerated third-order convergence,” Applied Mathematics Letters , vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 87–93, 2000. View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-8578054-2']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function () { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Applied Mathematics Hindawi Publishing Corporation

New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots

Download PDF
10 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/hindawi-publishing-corporation/new-families-of-third-order-iterative-methods-for-finding-multiple-HJ0KF5MWzV

References

References for this paper are not available at this time. We will be adding them shortly, thank you for your patience.

Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 R. F. Lin et al.
ISSN
1110-757X
eISSN
1687-0042
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { border-color: #000000 transparent transparent transparent; opacity:0.45; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=45)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=45); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { border-color: transparent transparent #000000 transparent ; opacity:0.45; /*new styles start*/ -ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=45)" ;filter: alpha(opacity=45); /*new styles end*/ } div.banner_title_bkg div.trangle { width: 297px; }div.banner_title_bkg_if div.trangle { width: 202px; } #banner { background-image: url('http://images.hindawi.com/journals/jam/jam.banner.jpg'); background-position: 50% 0;} Hindawi Publishing Corporation Home Journals About Us Journal of Applied Mathematics Impact Factor 0.834 About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents Journal Menu About this Journal · Abstracting and Indexing · Aims and Scope · Annual Issues · Article Processing Charges · Articles in Press · Author Guidelines · Bibliographic Information · Citations to this Journal · Contact Information · Editorial Board · Editorial Workflow · Free eTOC Alerts · Publication Ethics · Reviewers Acknowledgment · Submit a Manuscript · Subscription Information · Table of Contents Open Special Issues · Published Special Issues · Special Issue Guidelines Abstract Full-Text PDF Full-Text HTML Full-Text ePUB Linked References How to Cite this Article Complete Special Issue Journal of Applied Mathematics Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 812072, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/812072 Research Article New Families of Third-Order Iterative Methods for Finding Multiple Roots R. F. Lin , 1 H. M. Ren , 2 Z. Šmarda , 3 Q. B. Wu , 4 Y. Khan , 4 and J. L. Hu 5 1 Department of Mathematics, Taizhou University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, China 2 College of Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Polytechnic, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China 3 Department of Mathematics, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic 4 Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China 5 Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China Received 5 February 2014; Revised 19 May 2014; Accepted 20 May 2014; Published 15 June 2014 Academic Editor: Alicia Cordero Copyright © 2014 R. F. Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Two families of third-order iterative methods for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations are developed in this paper. Mild conditions are given to assure the cubic convergence of two iteration schemes (I) and (II). The presented families include many third-order methods for finding multiple roots, such as the known Dong's methods and Neta's method. Some new concrete iterative methods are provided. Each member of the two families requires two evaluations of the function and one of its first derivative per iteration. All these methods require the knowledge of the multiplicity. The obtained methods are also compared in their performance with various other iteration methods via numerical examples, and it is observed that these have better performance than the modified Newton method, and demonstrate at least equal performance to iterative methods of the same order. 1. Introduction Finding the roots of nonlinear equations is one of the most important problems in numerical analysis. In this study, we use iterative methods to find a multiple root of multiplicity ; that is, , , and , of a nonlinear equation . It is known that the modified Newton method for multiple roots is given by which converges quadratically [ 1 ]. There exists a cubically convergent method for multiple roots, presented by Hansen and Patrick [ 2 ]. Consider which is an extension of the classical Halley method of the third order. Another cubically convergent method for multiple roots is proposed by Traub [ 3 ]. Consider which is an extension of the well-known Chebyshev method of the third order. In recent years, a lot of methods for multiple roots have been presented and analyzed, which require the knowledge of the multiplicity ; see [ 4 – 24 ] and references therein. Based on King's fourth-order method (for simple roots) [ 25 ], Dong [ 4 ] has developed two third-order methods for multiple roots, requiring two evaluations of the function and one of its first derivative. Consider Using the same information, Victory Jr. and Neta [ 5 ] have developed a third method. Consider where Neta [ 9 ] has developed another third-order method requiring the same information where Based on Halley’s method, Li et al. [ 15 ] have proposed a family of third methods using the same information. Consider where is a real parameter and , and . Note also that, based on Traub’s method [ 2 ], Homeier [ 16 ] has suggested a family of third methods using the same information. Consider where , is a real parameter, , and . In this paper, we propose two new families of third-order methods for multiple roots; each of the methods requires two-function and one-derivative evaluation per iteration, respectively. The presented methods are obtained by investigating the following two iteration schemes: where , , , , and are parameters to be determined. By specially choosing the parameters in ( 12 ) and ( 13 ), we get two new families of third-order methods, which include methods ( 4 )–( 6 ), ( 8 ), ( 10 ), and ( 11 ). In fact, the mild conditions to assure the cubic convergence of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) or (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) are given. Divided differences are adopted successfully in developing our methods, which will be useful in developing more new methods. Finally, we use some numerical examples to compare the presented methods with the modified Newton method and some known third-order methods. 2. Preliminaries We need the definitions of divided differences and their properties. Definition 1 (see [ 26 ]). The divided differences on distinct points of a function are defined by If the function is sufficiently differentiable, then its divided differences can be defined if some of the arguments coincide. For instance, if has a derivative of the th order at , then it makes sense to define Lemma 2 (see [ 26 ]). The divided differences are symmetric functions of their arguments; that is, they are invariant to permutations of the . Lemma 3 (see [ 26 ]). If the function has derivative, then, for every argument , the following interpolation formula holds: Lemma 4. If the function has a derivative of the th order, and is a multiple root of multiplicity , then, for every argument , the following formulae hold: Proof. Applying Lemma 3 to the case of the multiple zero of multiplicity and using ( 15 ), we get ( 17 ). Differentiating both sides of ( 17 ) gives ( 18 ). 3. Development of New Families of Third-Order Methods We would like to find the five parameters , and in I-type iteration ( 12 ) and II-type iteration ( 13 ) so as to maximize its order of convergence to a root of multiplicity , respectively. Let , be the errors at the th step; that is, Define functions and as follows: Write In view of ( 17 ) and ( 18 ), we get the following: Using the definitions of divided differences, we get the following: where In view of ( 22 ), ( 23 ), ( 12 ), and ( 13 ), we get in turn Substituting ( 29 ) into ( 25 ) yields Substituting ( 30 ) and ( 28 ) into ( 24 ) leads to Write Using ( 23 ), ( 24 ), and ( 32 ), we get Then, we can get the error equations as follows: for I-type iteration ( 12 ), and for II-type iteration ( 13 ). In view of ( 34 ) and ( 35 ), the order of convergence for I-type or II-type iteration will arrive at three provided that or holds true, respectively. Here Write In view of ( 32 ), we can get, as , and then which show that, in order to assure the denominators in ( 36 ) and ( 37 ) are not equal to zero, we demand naturally that It is obvious that, under the condition ( 42 ), the error relations ( 36 ) and ( 37 ) are equivalent to respectively. Next we will find conditions to assure ( 43 ) and ( 44 ). Note that the factor of plays an important role on the order of . In fact, using the Taylor formula, we get from ( 32 ) the following: Then, in the case , to assure the relation ( 43 ) holds true, the following estimate is needed: which demands that is, . This is a contradiction to ( 42 ). Hence, in the case , the relation ( 43 ) cannot be satisfied; that is, we cannot choose parameters so that the order of convergence of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) arrives at three. In what follows, we suppose . In this case, , and then ( 43 ) is equivalent to In view of ( 32 ), and by a straight computation, we can get where In view of ( 49 ) and in order to assure the relation ( 48 ) holds, we should choose parameters , , , , and such that By a straight computation, we deduce that Substituting ( 53 ) and ( 54 ) into the left side of ( 42 ), we get which shows the condition ( 42 ) is equivalent to We summarize our development of new methods done so far in the following theorem. Theorem 5. Let be a multiple root of multiplicity of a sufficiently differentiable function for an open interval . If is sufficiently close to , then the methods defined by (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) are cubically convergent for any parameters , , , , and such that and ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) hold. Next, we turn to find the proper conditions to establish the relation ( 44 ). In view of ( 32 ), and by a straight computation, we can get where In view of ( 57 ) and in order to assure the relation ( 44 ) holds, we should choose parameters , , , , and such that By a straight computation, we deduce that Substituting ( 60 ) into the left side of ( 42 ), we get which shows the condition ( 42 ) is also equivalent to the condition given by ( 56 ). We can summarize the development of new methods involving (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) done so far in the following theorem. Theorem 6. Let be a multiple root of multiplicity of a sufficiently differentiable function for an open interval . If is sufficiently close to , then the methods defined by (II)-type iteration ( 13 ) are cubically convergent for any parameters , , , , and such that and ( 60 ) and ( 56 ) hold. Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Dong's method ( 4 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Dong's method ( 5 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Choosing , , and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that Using the parameters , , , , and given above in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Victory and Neta's method ( 6 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . Let , − , , , and . Using the definition of , we get We can verify that the parameters given above satisfy ( 52 ), and thus they also satisfy ( 53 ) and ( 54 ) (as given in ( 53 ) and given in ( 54 ) are solved from ( 52 )). Furthermore, it is easy to verify that the condition ( 42 ) holds: This means that the condition ( 56 ) is also true, since ( 56 ) is equivalent to ( 42 ). Using the parameters , , , , and given in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Neta's method ( 8 ), and its order of convergence arrives at three by Theorem 5 . We can verify that the family of methods ( 11 ) given by Homeier [ 16 ] satisfies all conditions in Theorem 5 . First, we can rewrite ( 11 ) as follows: where is a real parameter, , and . Choosing and , we can deduce from ( 53 ), ( 54 ), and ( 56 ) that , , and This means that the condition ( 56 ) is also true. Using the parameters , , , , and given in (I)-type iteration ( 12 ), we can obtain Homeier's family of methods ( 11 ), which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . We can verify that the family of methods ( 10 ) given by Homeier [ 16 ] satisfies all conditions in Theorem 6 . First, we can rewrite ( 10 ) as follows: where is a real parameter and , , and . Let , , , and . We can verify that the parameters given above satisfy ( 60 ) and ( 56 ). Using the parameters , , , , and given in (II)-type iteration ( 13 ), we can obtain Shengguo et al.'s family of methods ( 10 ), which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . 4. Some Concrete Methods In this section, we give some concrete iterative forms of (I)-type iteration ( 12 ) and (II)-type iteration ( 13 ). Method 1. Choosing , , and , we obtain from ( 63 ) and ( 64 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 2. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 61 ) and ( 62 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 3 . Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 61 ) and ( 62 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 12 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 5 . Method 4 . Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 70 ) and ( 71 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . Method 5. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 68 ) and ( 69 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . Method 6. Choosing , , and , we can obtain from ( 70 ) and ( 71 ) that , , and . Using these parameters in ( 13 ), we get a new method. Consider which has cubic convergence by Theorem 6 . 5. Numerical Examples We employ Method 1 (RM1), ( 75 )–Method 6 (RM6), ( 80 ) to solve some nonlinear equations and compare them with the modified Newton method (MNM), ( 1 ), Dong's method (DM), ( 4 ), and Victory-Neta's method (VM). Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 show the difference of the root and the approximation to for the function , respectively, where is the exact root computed with 650 significant digits and is calculated by using the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) for all methods. The absolute values of the function and the computational order of convergence (COC) are also shown in these tables. Here, COC is defined by [ 27 ] Table 1: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. Table 2: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. Table 3: Comparison of various iterative methods for the function under the same total number of function evaluations (TNFE) required by all methods. The following functions are used for the comparison: As shown in Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 , the presented methods in this contribution are preferable to the modified Newton method by numerical tests. Note also that the presented methods show at least equal performance as compared with some other methods of the same order. 6. Conclusion In this work, we obtained two families of third-order methods by using new techniques of divided differences for solving nonlinear equations with multiple roots. The proposed methods contain many known methods, such as Dong's methods and Neta's method. We conclude from the numerical examples that the proposed methods have at least equal performance as compared with the other iterative methods of the same order. Moreover, it was observed that these methods have better performance than the modified Newton method. We will continue our study to confirm if some fourth-order methods can be obtained using the same ideas in this contribution. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Acknowledgments This work is supported by the National Basic Research 973 Program of China (no. 2011JB105001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11371320), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (Grant no. LZ14A010002), the Foundation of Science and Technology Department (Grant no. 2013C31084) of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (nos. Y201431077 and Y201329420), and the Grant FEKT-S-11-2-921 of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. References E. Schröder, “Ueber unendlich viele Algorithmen zur Auflösung der Gleichungen,” Mathematische Annalen , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 317–365, 1870. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus E. Hansen and M. Patrick, “A family of root finding methods,” Numerische Mathematik , vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 257–269, 1976. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus J. F. Traub, Iterative Methods for the Solution of Equations , Chelsea, New York, NY, USA, 1977. C. Dong, “A basic theorem of constructing an iterative formula of the higher order for computing multiple roots of an equation,” Mathematica Numerica Sinica , vol. 11, pp. 445–450, 1982. View at Zentralblatt MATH H. D. Victory Jr. and B. Neta, “A higher order method for multiple zeros of nonlinear functions,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 329–335, 1983. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Dong, “A family of multipoint iterative functions for finding multiple roots of equations,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 21, pp. 363–367, 1987. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH N. Osada, “An optimal multiple root-finding method of order three,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 131–133, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus M. Frontini and E. Sormani, “Modified Newton's method with third-order convergence and multiple roots,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 345–354, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta, “New third order nonlinear solvers for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 202, no. 1, pp. 162–170, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta and A. N. Johnson, “High-order nonlinear solver for multiple roots,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications , vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2012–2017, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta, “Extension of Murakami's high-order non-linear solver to multiple roots,” International Journal of Computer Mathematics , vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1023–1031, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Chun and B. Neta, “A third-order modification of Newton's method for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 211, no. 2, pp. 474–479, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus C. Chun, H. J. Bae, and B. Neta, “New families of nonlinear third-order solvers for finding multiple roots,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications , vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1574–1582, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus L. Shengguo, L. Xiangke, and C. Lizhi, “A new fourth-order iterative method for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 1288–1292, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus S. Li, H. Li, and L. Cheng, “Some second-derivative-free variants of Halley's method for multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 215, no. 6, pp. 2192–2198, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus H. H. H. Homeier, “On Newton-type methods for multiple roots with cubic convergence,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 231, no. 1, pp. 249–254, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus M. S. Petkovi, J. Duni, and M. Miloevi, “Traub's accelerating generator of iterative root-finding methods,” Applied Mathematics Letters , vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1443–1448, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus B. I. Yun, “Iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations with finitely many roots in an interval,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics , vol. 236, no. 13, pp. 3308–3318, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus P. Jarratt, “Some fourth order multipoint methods for solving equations,” Mathematics of Computation , vol. 20, pp. 434–437, 1966. S. Kumar, V. Kanwar, and S. Singh, “On some modified families of multipoint iterative methods for multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 218, no. 14, pp. 7382–7394, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus X. Zhou, X. Chen, and Y. Song, “Families of third and fourth order methods for multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 219, no. 11, pp. 6030–6038, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus B. Neta and C. Chun, “On a family of Laguerre methods to find multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 219, no. 23, pp. 10987–11004, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus D. Sbibiha, A. Serghini, A. Tijini, and A. Zidna, “A general family of third order method for finding multiple roots,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 233, pp. 338–350, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar B. I. Yun, “Transformation methods for finding multiple roots of nonlinear equations,” Applied Mathematics and Computation , vol. 217, no. 2, pp. 599–606, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus R. F. King, “A family of fourth order methods for nonlinear equations,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis , vol. 10, pp. 876–879, 1973. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH J. Stoer and R. Bulirsch, Introduction to Numerical Analysis , Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1980. S. Weerakoon and T. G. I. Fernando, “A variant of Newton's method with accelerated third-order convergence,” Applied Mathematics Letters , vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 87–93, 2000. View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at Scopus var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-8578054-2']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function () { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })();

Journal

Journal of Applied Mathematics – Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: Jun 15, 2014

There are no references for this article.