Escherichia coli α-hemolysin (HlyA), archetype of a bacterial pore-forming toxin, has been reported to deregulate physiological Ca 2+ channels, thus inducing periodic low-frequency Ca 2+ oscillations that trigger transcriptional processes in mammalian cells. The present study was undertaken to delineate the mechanisms underlying the Ca 2+ oscillations. Patch-clamp experiments were combined with single cell measurements of intracellular Ca 2+ and with flowcytometric analyses. Application of HlyA at subcytocidal concentrations provoked Ca 2+ oscillations in human renal and endothelial cells. However, contrary to the previous report, the phenomenon could not be inhibited by the Ca 2+ channel blocker nifedipine and Ca 2+ oscillations showed no constant periodicity at all. Ca 2+ oscillations were dependent on the pore-forming activity of HlyA: application of a nonhemolytic but bindable toxin had no effect. Washout experiments revealed that Ca 2+ oscillations could not be maintained in the absence of toxin in the medium. Analogously, propidium iodide flux into cells occurred in the presence of HlyA, but cells rapidly became impermeable toward the dye after toxin washout, indicating resealing or removal of the membrane lesions. Finally, patch-clamp experiments revealed temporal congruence between pore formation and Ca 2+ influx. We conclude that the nonperiodic Ca 2+ oscillations induced by HlyA are not due to deregulation of physiological Ca 2+ channels but derive from pulsed influxes of Ca 2+ as a consequence of formation and rapid closure of HlyA pores in mammalian cell membranes.—Koschinski, A., Repp, H., Ünver, B., Dreyer, F., Brockmeier, D., Valeva, A., Bhakdi, S., and Walev, I. Why Escherichia coli α-hemolysin induces calcium oscillations in mammalian cells—the pore is on its own.
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Why Escherichia coli α-hemolysin induces calcium oscillations in mammalian cellsthe pore is on its own
Koschinski, Andreas; Repp, Holger; Ünver, Baris; Dreyer, Florian; Brockmeier, Dierk; Valeva, Angela; Bhakdi, Sucharit; Walev, Iwan
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, Volume 20 (7): 973
Fed of American Socs for Experimental Biology – May 1, 2006
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