Mitochondrial Na + overload is caused by oxidative stress and leads to activation of the caspase 3- dependent apoptotic machinery KUN-TA YANG, SHWU-FEN PAN § , CHUNG-LIANG CHIEN * , SU-MING HSU † , YUNG-ZU TSENG ‡ , SEU-MEI WANG * ,1 and MEI-LIN WU 1 Departments of Physiology and * Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Departments of † Pathology and ‡ Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and the § Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Gwei-Shan, Taoyuan County, Taiwan 1 Correspondence: Department of Physiology (M.-L.W.) and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.-M.W), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei, Taiwan. E-mail: mlw@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw <h3>SPECIFIC AIMS</h3> In many cell types, oxidative stress and mitochondrial Ca 2+ ([Ca] m ) overload lead to the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP), resulting in persistent loss of mitochondrial potential (Δϕ m ), cytochrome c (cytC) release, and apoptosis. We used treatment with H 2 O 2 , a widely accepted model system for studying oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in many cell types and in cardiovascular disease. Using time-lapse confocal recording of live cardiomyocytes, we found that H
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