A role of TRAIL in killing osteoblasts by myeloma cells Inge Tinhofer † ,‡ ,1 , Rainer Biedermann # , Martin Krismer # , Roman Crazzolara § ,‡ and Richard Greil † ,‡ † Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), 3rd Medical Department of the Salzburg General Hospital and Private Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg; ‡ Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute at the University of Innsbruck; # Department of Orthopedic Surgery; § Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 1 Correspondence: Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, 3rd Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, University Hospital Salzburg, Austria. E-mail: i.tinhofer@salk.at <h3>SPECIFIC AIMS</h3> Tumor necrosis-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of death receptor ligands, is a vital component of immunosurveillance of tumor cells by both CD8 + T cells and NK cells. Its importance in tumor control as well as its safety profile toward normal tissues raised great hopes of an encouraging outcome from early clinical trials. Besides tumor control by TRAIL + immune cells, there is accumulating evidence that death receptor ligands might also be used by tumor cells themselves to kill bystander cells, a mechanism called "the tumor counterattack." Studies from our
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