Highlights ► This review focuses on ubiquitin and the role of E3 enzymes that attach it to substrates in regulating TNF signalling. ► This review highlights the results from mice that have components of the TNF signalling complex knocked out. ► Recently described types of ubiquitin modification in TNF signalling such as K11- and linear ubiquitin chains are discussed. ► New models of TNF signalling based on recent research and analysis in this review are proposed.
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