In the following article, selected topics are presented to provide an update on the practice of pediatric cardiology from the perspective of the primary care provider and outpatient-based subspecialist. The approach to the evaluation of very common presenting signs and symptoms are reviewed, including heart murmurs, chest pain, and palpitations. The role of the primary care provider in screening and clearing children for participation in sports activities is discussed. Finally, issues of insurability, employment, and pregnancy in the adolescent and young adult with congenital heart disease are presented.</P><h5>Heart murmurs in children</h5> A murmur in the child is quite common and, consequently, the evaluation of a murmur is the most frequent reason for outpatient referral to most pediatric cardiology practices. It is estimated that up to 72% of children will have a murmur noted at some time during their childhood. 1 Given the potential cardiac disease that could cause a murmur, this “diagnosis” is a source of concern for the primary care physician. The primary care physician's comfort level of diagnosing innocent (or functional) murmurs depends on his or her clinical experience regarding innocent murmurs and any pathologic murmurs that they have detected in their training and practice. It
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