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and nation-states. Similarly, strategies of outsourcing can be seen as fragmenting the production process across several firms from an organisation of production point of view. However, such strategies ...
of the ultimate owner. This allows us to disentangle foreign MNE affiliates from domestic firms . Table 1 presents a data breakdown with descriptive information on domestic and foreign manufacturing plants ...
firm’s knowledge and capabilities (e.g., Apple and integration into mobile chipsets), affecting e.g., partnerships and outsourcing decisions of systems and components (e.g., Apple’s manufacturing partners ...
, outsourcing the actual manufacturing of them to other firms . Such a strategy allows the enterprises to avoid the capital investment in bricks-and-mortar manufacturing plants. This notion that an e-business ...
data we designed and collected on the level of decentralisation of 660 Austrian and German multinational firms with 2,200 of their affiliates in Eastern Europe.1 We collected information on the level ...
and services, or ‘trade in tasks’.9Functional fragmentation is associated with geographic fragmentation, as lead firms progressively outsource and/or offshore productive functions, shaping new global ...
to improve working conditions in outsourced factories and increasingly between lead firms and governments over regulatory demands for global supply chain responsibility (Fransen and LeBaron, 2019). Hence, lead ...
be related to interactions with foreign multinationals with affiliates in Germany, or to interactions with foreign firms abroad due to importing and exporting. The information allows for a differentiation ...
it was built by combining firm -level financial data from Amadeus–Bureau van Dijk with information provided by the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) on the districtual affiliation of the company. The match ...
foreign providers at arm’s length or the transfer of particular tasks within the firm to a foreign location, i.e. to foreign affiliates . Outsourcing refers to the purchasing of intermediate goods ...
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