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as production of new annual growth increased but use decreased with proximity to disturbance. Consequently, avoidance of human disturbance prompted loss of otherwise available forage, resulting in indirect ...
and respiratory) of submergence. Despite this, we document the prolonged underwater refuge use (>30 min) of Trechalea extensa following pursuit by a perceived threat ( humans ). We also identify some morphological ...
However, protected areas suffer from loss of habitat through attrition of critical areas. Thus, renewal (addition) of habitat is required in order to achieve the long‐term persistence of biota ...
Introduction People living in landscapes shared with elephants face both direct and indirect challenges resulting from human -elephant conflict [HEC; 1–3]. The direct costs of HEC for humans , which ...
. Understanding these consequences is key for avoiding unintended impacts of afforestation on habitats and populations of conservation concern. Afforestation in lowland Iceland has been gaining momentum in recent ...
and petroleum development, but 95% were the result of habitat fragmentation and species- avoidance behavior. For wind turbines, they found similar direct and indirect impacts, 3–5% direct and 95–97% indirect . Thus ...
. Habitat fragmentation has been shown to lead to higher levels of spatial overlap among large carnivores [34], limiting options for spatial avoidance . The threat of human -induced mortality can also trigger ...
or temporally modify habitat selection (Gibeau et al. 2002; Theuerkauf et al. 2003a; George and Crooks 2006; Gaynor et al. 2018), potentially leading to indirect habitat loss (Polfus et al. 2011). Although ...
animals are displaced by habitat loss due to direct and adjacent human development, while others are able to adjust their behaviours to use human areas [3]. For instance, some species have been found ...
Abstract Prey species minimize the risk of predation directly by avoiding predators and indirectly by avoiding risky habitat . Habitat loss and fragmentation have been prevalent in Greater Sage-Grouse ...
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