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compared resting-state functional connectivity across three smoking groups: current , never, and former smokers. We used an independent component analysis (ICA) that allowed us to compare differences ...
, leading to recent negative studies in which smoking does not seem to play an important role in the development of a more complicated clinical course. Conversely, there is no straightforward explanation ...
status (e.g., never, former , and current smoking , and poly use) and perceived stress among military personnel, the focus of the current study. METHODS Data collection was part of the larger 2002 Department ...
in CD and UC patients at the time of diagnosis, and the influence of current and former smoking on differential diagnosis of CD or UC, as well as the age of onset of CD or UC. Methods Subjects Using ...
years versus others; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–6; P = 0.01) was associated with risk of relapse of CC but not LC. Current smoking was not an independent risk factor ...
smoking , alcohol intake, low intake of fruit and vegetables and lack of physical activity.18 For smoking , respondents were categorized as either current smokers, former smokers or never smokers. Weekly ...
for cancer. Smoking status was examined because smoking is a widely publicized risk factor for cancer and current and former smokers have reported greater perceived risk of cancer [12, 14], and one study ...
, and sociological factors also playing major roles [53]. Consequently, quitting smoking was “not simply a matter of replacing the nicotine” [53]. In an internal 1996 document entitled “Statement of Position,” PM ...
to 1130 lung cancer cases, 1230 HNC cases, and 604 controls (Fig 1). Participants who did not respond to any FTND questions or if their smoking status (as current versus former ) was indistinguishable were ...
, such as duration, intensity, and year-since-quit for former smokers, may play an important role in determining COPD risk. Furthermore, smokers could change their smoking behaviors throughout their lifetime ...
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